Augmented reality (AR) integrates digital information and virtual objects into the real environment, enhancing user interactivity and experience across various applications in the oil and gas (O&G) industry, including training and education, maintenance and repair, remote assistance, and product visualisation. With high-speed connectivity such as 5G, the scope of AR extends further to support collaborative multi-user workflows, real-time information updates, and rendering of complex, large-scale 3D models. Despite its potential, the industry lacks a structured framework for deploying 5G-integrated AR systems tailored to high-risk operational environments. This study introduces PetroVision AR, a 5G-powered AR platform developed to transform training and remote operations in the O&G sector into a virtual experience. The system incorporates interactive 3D equipment models, real-time data overlays, and modular training modules, with a connectivity design and development workflow showcasing the integration of 5G technology. Pilot testing demonstrated a 32% reduction in task completion time and a 27% increase in learning effectiveness, validating the platform’s capability as a safer and more scalable alternative to conventional field training. The findings highlight the potential of PetroVision AR to support digital transformation aligned with PETRONAS’ Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) ambitions, setting a new standard for accessible, efficient, and safe training in the energy sector.
Abstract This paper presents a successful field application of the first pre-rig campaign in Malaysia's offshore wells to utilize digital slickline (DSL) with real-time firing capabilities. The operation utilized the Setting Tool and Tubing Cutter conveyed to target depth via an advanced light weight digital slickline. This approach reduced the number of runs required, resulting in a 40%-time savings compared to conventional slickline (SL) conveyance. 6 wells (9 strings), located in Field X Offshore Terengganu, Malaysia, comprise of oil producers, gas producers, and water injection wells, completed with tubing sizes of 3-1/2″ and 2-7/8″. These wells had been identified as candidates for Infill Sidetrack Drilling, for which they must be prepared by isolating and performing tubing cuts. To optimize the operation, an advanced DSL was selected for conveyance. This innovative approach reduced the number of runs required by merging several runs typically made with conventional slickline into a single run. Downhole temperature and pressure readings, conventionally taken during an additional High Pressure Temperature (HPT) run, were logged concurrently during the tubing clearance check (TCC) run. In addition, the DSL enabled real-time data acquisition for Casing Collar Locator (CCL) depth correlation in conjunction with the explosive tools (Setting Tool and Tubing Cutter) with real-time firing from surface. Time was also saved through the feature of sending a live signal to fire the explosive from surface instead of waiting for a preset amount of time if done via memory. With the mechanical properties of the DSL cable and tools, the same unit was also able to handle jarring operations: closing a sliding side door (SSD) and retrieving a plug. In contrast, to achieve the equivalent real-time capabilities by performing the campaign with electric line (E-line), it would have been necessary to rig down and rig up SL to perform these mechanical operations. The selected wells were successfully plugged and had their tubing cut in a timeframe of only 35 days, as compared to the estimated duration of 60 days if done via conventional SL. Upon live activation at surface, vibration, acceleration, and CCL sensors in the DSL bottom-hole assembly (BHA) gave positive indication that the explosives were successfully fired at target depth. Negative/positive pressure tests confirmed the successful setting of the bridge plugs, while circulation tests confirmed the successful execution of tubing cuts. The use of DSL for pre-rig operations represents a significant advancement in wireline technology, enabling real-time bidirectional communication with sensors and explosives on the BHA while retaining the mechanical capabilities of conventional SL. This marks the first pre-rig campaign in Malaysia to use a DSL system, a technology that will push the boundaries of wireline operations.
The development of natural gas resources is increasingly challenged by the presence of high concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) in many discovered fields. Gas fields with CO2 content ranging from 30% to 80 mol% are particularly prevalent in Southeast Asia, Australia, and other regions with significant untapped reserves (Arthur D. Little, 2021). Historically, these resources were often considered uneconomical or operationally complex due to the need for deep CO2 removal, the associated energy penalties, and the environmental impact of CO2 venting or flaring. Recent shifts in climate policy: net-zero targets, carbon pricing, and stricter emissions regulations, further complicate the development of high-CO2 gas fields. Conventional LNG production, typically based on gas turbines with heat recovery and multi-stage membrane and/or amine-based acid gas removal, tends to incur substantial CO2 emissions, increased layout and operability complexity (LNG Industry, 2024). These constraints have reduced the commercial attractiveness of conventional high-CO2 gas developments and have encouraged interest in process configurations where decarbonization is integrated into the fundamental design rather than added as a separate, downstream system. At the same time, gas demand remains significant in the Asia-Pacific region, where natural gas is viewed as a pragmatic transition fuel that can displace higher-carbon intensity alternatives while supporting regional energy security (Erhueh et al., 2024). Unlocking high-CO2 fields could materially expand supply if development concepts are paired with effective and compact decarbonization strategies suited to offshore settings (Arthur D. Little, 2021).
The transition to a hydrogen-based energy system is increasingly viewed as vital for achieving global sustainability and decarbonization goals. This systematic literature review (SLR) critically examines 37 peer-reviewed studies (2018–Q2 2024) on key hydrogen production methods: biomass gasification, auto-thermal reforming (ATR), photochemical water splitting, water electrolysis, and steam reforming. These technologies, while diverse in operational principles and efficiency, converge on the goal of delivering low-carbon hydrogen. Steam reforming remains the most commercially mature, yet it is constrained by high energy demands and catalyst degradation. Biomass gasification emerges as a renewable option, though hampered by cost and technical complexity. ATR offers improved energy efficiency but requires stringent process control. Photochemical water splitting, though promising in its solar-driven mechanism, is hindered by low conversion efficiency and material limitations. Water electrolysis, especially when powered by renewables, delivers high-purity hydrogen, albeit at elevated operational costs. The findings underscore that no single method can universally meet all economic, environmental, and technological criteria. Instead, context-specific hybridization and integration with renewable sources appear most viable. This review emphasizes the need for continued research in advanced catalysts, cost-effective materials, and scalable system designs. It also calls for cross-sectoral collaboration to tailor hydrogen strategies to local resource conditions and energy demands. By articulating the strengths, limitations, and future directions of current hydrogen production pathways, this study contributes to the evolving discourse on sustainable energy and supports informed decision-making toward a resilient, low-carbon future.
This study investigates the treatment of natural zeolite clinoptilolite (NZC) through acid and base pretreatments, aiming to enhance its adsorption efficiency for methylene blue (MB) dye removal. The results indicate that NZC treated with 3.0 M HCl (hydrochloric acid) exhibits superior MB removal efficiency (93.24 %) compared to 1.0 M NaOH (sodium hydroxide)-treated NZC (91.40 %), accompanied by a higher Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area (135.5002 m 2 /g) in contrast to (43.6059 m 2 /g). The optimized 3.0 M HCl-treated NZC is further functionalized with curcumin, resulting in CUR-HCl-NZC, which demonstrates enhanced MB removal efficiencies of 95.09 % at 45 min and 83.81 % at 90 min, surpassing untreated NZC. The adsorption parameters, including contact time (45 min), adsorbent dosage (0.2 g), and initial dye concentration (25 ppm), are systematically varied to optimize the conditions for CUR-HCl-NZC. Characterization through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and BET analysis confirm the successful binding of curcumin to HCl-treated NZC, revealing structural and surface modifications. BET analysis shows that the surface area of CUR-HCl-NZC is 100.0382 m 2 /g, indicating changes in porosity due to curcumin modifications. The isotherm analysis identifies the Langmuir isotherm model as the best fit, with a correlation coefficient ( R 2 ) of 0.9996 and adsorption capacity of 41.203 mg/g, suggesting monolayer adsorption dominance. This study establishes CUR-HCl-NZC as an effective, low-cost adsorbent for the removal of MB, offering a promising solution for water purification applications.
