Abstract Precast concrete offers significant advantages in modern construction, but its long-term performance is critically governed by the durability of its connections. These connections act as preferential sites for reinforcement corrosion, making them the most vulnerable components in precast structures. While extensive research exists on corrosion in monolithic concrete, a significant knowledge gap persists for precast connections. This state-of-the-art review synthesizes literature on the structural performance of corroded precast connections. It evaluates how corrosion impacts key parameters, including load-carrying capacity, moment–rotation, deflection, and stiffness and discusses practical mitigation, inspection, and repair strategies. The review establishes that degradation is consistently more severe in precast connections than in monolithic elements due to localized interface effects. Further, significant deficiencies in design codes [e.g., ACI 318-19 (ACI 2019) and Eurocode 2 (CEN 2011)] are identified, as they lack specific guidance for assessing corroded connections. The findings underscore the nonconservative nature of extrapolating monolithic data and highlight the need for research on tailored testing, modeling, and design guidelines for precast infrastructure.
Constructive heuristics constitute fundamental polynomial-time algorithms that systematically generate feasible solutions to NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems through incremental component assembly. This comprehensive systematic review analyzes 320 peer-reviewed articles published between January 2014 and June 2025, employing PRISMA methodology to provide the first cross-domain analysis of constructive heuristics across transportation, scheduling, and timetabling domains. Our analysis reveals pronounced research asymmetry: scheduling dominates with 282 papers (88.13
Supercapacitors play a vital role as energy storage devices, filling the performance gap between dielectric capacitors and batteries. The present review critically discusses the synergistic integration of current collectors, electrode materials, and electrolytes for the optimum performance of supercapacitors. The review systematically discusses the transition metal sulfides, oxides, and phosphates, as well as the conducting polymer and carbonaceous materials, considering the charge storage mechanisms and material structural engineering. The review also focuses on the development of current collectors from two-dimensional foils (Cu, Al, Ti) to three-dimensional porous foams (Ni, C, Cu). The review also presents the developments in electrolytes, such as the water-in-salt and hybrid electrolytes, which enable the voltage window to extend beyond 2.0 V. The review uniquely combines the physical aspects of the materials with the recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for the optimum performance of the supercapacitors. The techno-economic and sustainability aspects of the materials are also discussed for the development of the next generation of supercapacitors.
