Faisalabad Medical University (Urdu: فیصل آباد جامعه طب; abbr. FMU), is located in Faisalabad, Pakistan, on a 158-acre (0.64 km2) campus on Sargodha Road. It was established in 1973. Teaching hospitals affiliated with the university are Allied Hospital, District Headquarters Hospital and Government General Hospital Ghulam Muhammad Abad Faisalabad. The chief executive is Dr. Zafar Chaudhry, a laparoscopic surgeon. The first group of graduates with M.B.B.S degrees finished in 1978.With a grant of Rs. 460mn from the government, the construction of new buildings, laboratories and the teaching hospital was completed in 1982. FMU is recognized with the General Medical Council based in London, England, and is listed on World Directory of Medical Schools (it was also listed in the now discontinued International Medical Education Directory).
Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. After percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is recommended to reduce thrombotic events. This meta-analysis assesses the effectiveness of clopidogrel compared to aspirin monotherapy following DAPT post-PCI. Methods: From inception to April 2025, an exhaustive literature search was conducted across electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Risk ratios (RRs) along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using the random-effects model in Review Manager. Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis and funnel plots were used to evaluate heterogeneity and publication bias, respectively. Results: Six studies, including 3 RCTs and 3 observational studies, spanning over 19 494 patients, were included in our analysis. Clopidogrel significantly reduced major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) (RR = 0.78; 95% CI: [0.69, 0.89]; P = .0002; I 2 = 0%) and myocardial infarction (MI) (RR = 0.73; 95% CI: [0.56, 0.94]; P = .02; I 2 = 21%) compared to aspirin. Likewise, the clopidogrel group demonstrated a substantial advantage in reducing the incidence of any stroke (RR = 0.66; 95% CI: [0.49, 0.89]; P = .006; I 2 = 14%), including ischemic stroke (RR = 0.69; 95% CI: [0.49, 0.97]; P = .04; I 2 = 0%). All other endpoints, including hemorrhagic stroke, all-cause mortality, cardiac death, major bleeding, stent thrombosis, repeat, and target vessel revascularization, were comparable between the 2 arms. Conclusion: Clopidogrel significantly reduced the incidence of MACE, MI, and stroke after DAPT following PCI compared to aspirin, indicating greater effectiveness. However, the main conclusion of this meta-analysis depends primarily on the estimates from RCTs. Additional randomized studies are necessary to confirm these results and support clinical decision-making.
Introduction Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure (HF) frequently coexist, with COPD exacerbating cardiovascular complications and increasing mortality risk. This study analyzes CDC WONDER data (1999-2020) to examine trends in HF mortality among patients with COPD, highlighting age-related disparities and patterns that can inform public health strategies. Methods Using CDC WONDER data, we calculated AAMR per 100,000 for individuals aged 45-64 and 65+ who died from heart failure (HF) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). MCD analysis included HF (I50.0, I50.1, I50.9) and COPD (J40-J44.9). Joinpoint regression estimated APC and AAPC from 1999 to 2020. Results From 1999 to 2009, the AAMR for heart failure with COPD declined from 43.998 to 39.575 before increasing steadily, reaching 50.656 in 2020 (AAPC: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.22 to 0.85). A total of 1,109,491 deaths were recorded, with males (54.08) having higher AAMRs than females (36.22). NH White had the highest AAMR (47.31), followed by American Indian/Alaska Natives (43.9), NH Black (34.36), Hispanic (20.15) and NH Asian/Pacific Islanders (12.13). Mortality was higher in non-metropolitan (59.60) vs. metropolitan areas (39.81) and varied regionally (Midwest: 49.8; South: 44.8; West: 41.4; Northeast: 35.4). California had the most deaths (111,051), with most nationwide (375,021) occurring in medical inpatients. Mortality peaked in the 65+ group (CMR: 108.4). Conclusion Heart failure mortality among COPD patients increased from 1999 to 2020, with disparities by sex, race, and region. Higher mortality rates were observed in older adults, non-metropolitan areas, and NH White individuals. The rise in 2020 highlights the need for targeted interventions to improve outcomes in high-risk populations.
Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and heart failure (HF) are closely linked, with CKD worsening cardiovascular outcomes and increasing mortality risk. This study analyzes CDC WONDER data (1999-2020) to examine trends in HF mortality among CKD patients, highlighting age-related disparities and patterns that can inform public health strategies. Methods Using CDC WONDER data, we calculated AAMR per 100,000 for individuals aged 45-84 and 85+ who died from heart failure (HF) with chronic kidney disease (CKD). MCD analysis included HF (I50.0, I50.1, I50.9) and CKD (N18.0-N18.9). Joinpoint regression estimated APC and AAPC from 1999 to 2020. Results From 1999 to 2020, the AAMR for heart failure with CKD increased from 12.35 to 16.29 in 2005, then declined to its lowest in 2010 (13.15) before rising sharply to 25.67 in 2020 (AAPC: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.7 to 4.2). A total of 468,827 deaths were recorded, with males (24.3) having higher AAMRs than females (14.3). NH Black had the highest AAMR (26.77), followed by American Indian/Alaska Natives (21.6), NH White (17.57), Hispanic (15.08) and NH Asian/Pacific Islanders (11.73). Mortality was higher in non-metropolitan (21.37) vs. metropolitan areas (17.52) and varied regionally (West: 17.75; South: 17.56; Midwest: 21.16; Northeast: 16.39). California had the most deaths (53,627), with most nationwide (190,763) occurring in medical inpatients. Mortality peaked in the 85+ group (CMR: 169.2). Conclusion Heart failure mortality among CKD patients showed an overall increase from 1999 to 2020, with notable disparities by sex, race, and region. The highest mortality rates were observed in older adults, non-metropolitan areas, and NH Black individuals. The sharp rise in 2020 underscores the need for targeted interventions to improve outcomes in high-risk populations.
