Background The rapid evolution of healthcare demands professionals with intrapreneurial and innovative competencies to improve patient care and organizational efficiency. Although the EntreComp framework provides a well-established model for entrepreneurial competence development, a validated, contextualized adaptation for the healthcare sector is lacking. This study aimed to develop and validate the CII-CARE framework, an adaptation of EntreComp tailored to support healthcare professionals in Flanders, Belgium. Methods A mixed-methods approach was applied, combining the Nominal Group Technique (NGT) and Delphi method. Twelve experts from academia, policy, education, and healthcare sectors participated in one focus group and three iterative Delphi rounds. Qualitative thematic analysis refined the framework iteratively, while quantitative analysis included Content Validity Index (CVI) calculations, medians, and score distributions. Results The validated CII-CARE Framework consists of three competency clusters: Ideas and Opportunities , Resources , and Into Action , encompassing 15 competencies, 38 sub-competencies, and 150 behavioral indicators. Consensus was reached on most sub-competencies, with CVI scores exceeding 0.78 for most items, reflecting substantial agreement. Expert feedback led to refinements such as merging overlapping content and improving the clarity of behavioral indicators. Conclusions The CII-CARE Framework provides a validated tool for healthcare organizations to foster and evaluate intrapreneurial and innovative competencies. Integrating this framework into professional development programs may enhance healthcare professionals’ skills, improve job satisfaction, and support innovation, ultimately contributing to better patient care and organizational efficiency.
In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) encapsulant films marketed as polyolefins (POs), more specifically as PO elastomers (POEs) and thermoplastic POs (TPOs), have gained significant market share and are projected to become the dominant encapsulation films by 2030. Relative to other industries, there are significant misconceptions about the term PO in the PV industry. Both in the scientific literature as well as in sales and advertising, the terms PO, POE, and TPO are often misused to describe the same type of material with comparable properties, while in reality these may each consist of separate material classes. This paper provides a comprehensive literature and market review, to showcase a broad range of PO and other ethylene copolymer encapsulants from recent studies, and discusses the materials' properties to clarify what constitutes a “polyolefin.” In addition, to promote a clearer comparison of encapsulant properties, we propose a two‐dimensional taxonomy to categorize polymers used in module manufacturing, including POs. In terms of improving the reliability of solar PV modules, PO‐based encapsulants have several advantages (including lower water uptake and ion diffusion), but might come with disadvantages too, such as a more complex processing and a higher sensitivity to the storage conditions and shelf life. All this might prospectively impact adhesion properties of the encapsulant to other materials' interfaces (glass, cells etc.) and end‐product quality. Because the track record of field‐deployed PV modules containing PO encapsulants is also limited, we hope to contribute to better material understanding and precision in communication in PV to secure quality.
In this article we examine the extent to which students of Dutch as a Foreign Language are able to distinguish between both European standard varieties of Dutch, i.e. Netherlandic Dutch and Belgian Dutch, and which phonetic indicators they use in doing so. In total, 66 students of Dutch in Central Europe participated in a distinction test, which was carried out in 2019 and 2022. The participants were native speakers of Hungarian or a Slavic language and had a minimal level of B1. Their task was to determine the national accent of 12 sound clips of ca. 30 seconds. The results show a correlation between language level and students' ability to correctly distinguish between both varieties: upper-intermediate (B2) and advanced students (C1) scored significantly better (on average 76% and 84,5%) than intermediate students (B1), who determined only 61,7% of the stimuli correctly. Secondly, the students' knowledge of (segmental) pronunciation differences between Netherlandic Dutch and Belgian Dutch was tested and they were asked which phonetic markers they use to determine the right accent. In both cases they were given a list of twenty consonants, consonants in certain positions and vowels, each category containing two "false" indicators (phonemes that do not show a north-south pattern of variation). This part was added to the distinction test in 2022, in which 24 students participated. We can conclude that students know and use a limited number of phonetic markers to distinguish between Netherlandic Dutch and Belgian Dutch and that the distinction between both varieties is not as obvious as for native speakers of Dutch, though this competence grows with language level (and supposedly, language exposure). In the last part of the article, we discuss the didactic implications of our findings.
We launched a charter as a means of inviting municipalities to adopt a structured approach in order to achieve a more inclusive and accessible community. An accessible municipality is a municipality where everyone has equal and independent access to the buildings, public space, services and communication. Everyone can live, learn, work, carry out daily activities, move around and relax in a comfortable, high-quality way and up to an old age. Also people with a visible or invisible disability. We developed a framework for an integral and integrated local municipal accessibility policy in close cooperation with disability experts by experience, aldermen and employees of municipalities. We resolutely opt for a structural approach from the start of each collaboration, with the principles of Universal Design in mind. We implement a holistic vision on accessibility in municipalities. We transcend the ad hoc approach and apply accessibility in all its facets. It is a quality condition and a permanent focus.
Antigen recognition through the T cell receptor (TCR) αβ heterodimer is one of the primary determinants of the adaptive immune response. Vaccines activate naïve T cells with high specificity to expand and differentiate into memory T cells. However, antigen-specific memory CD4 T cells exist in unexposed antigen-naïve hosts. In this study, we use high-throughput sequencing of memory CD4 TCRβ repertoire and machine learning to show that individuals with preexisting vaccine-reactive memory CD4 T cell clonotypes elicited earlier and higher antibody titers and mounted a more robust CD4 T cell response to hepatitis B vaccine. In addition, integration of TCRβ sequence patterns into a hepatitis B epitope-specific annotation model can predict which individuals will have an early and more vigorous vaccine-elicited immunity. Thus, the presence of preexisting memory T cell clonotypes has a significant impact on immunity and can be used to predict immune responses to vaccination.
