INTRODUCTION. This article explores the interaction between international legal regimes for maritime transport and the transnational regulation established by private operators. It demonstrates that the norms of international treaties form the foundational framework for order in the maritime transport market, while day-to-day commercial practice is governed by other normative blocks, predominantly transnational rules created by Western corporations, oſten operating in monopolistic or oligopolistic market structures. This is particularly evident in the spheres of chartering and insurance. Consequently, the global maritime transport market and its order are structured on at least two levels of governance: international legal regulation and transnational regulation. The "lower" level is more volatile and politicized; it can either reinforce the overall transport order or weaken, and even substantially disrupt, it. Political norms and national legislation also exert their own influence on order within the transport sector.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study is built on a combination of formal-legal and systemic methods, which allow for the analysis of the norms of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and IMO instruments (SOLAS, MARPOL, the ISM Code, and the IMDG Code) not in isolation, but in their functional unity. Additionally, the comparative legal method was applied (to compare approaches to regulating chartering and insurance) along with the legal modeling method (for analyzing the formation of "mixed regimes" of transit). Special attention is given to the case-study method, which, using the examples of the Strait of Hormuz and anti-Russian sanctions, made it possible to identify the mechanisms of transformation of transnational regulation under the influence of political factors.RESEARCH RESULTS. Illustratively, the anti-Russian sanctions imposed by Western states and the conduct of corporations under their control in the sphere of maritime cargo transport demonstrate how transnational regulation, succumbing to political interests, loses its stabilizing function and itself becomes a source of risks. The result of this study is the identifi-cation of a specific nexus of legal uncertainty: concerning the transit passage through strategic straits, the framework provided by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (Part III, Arts. 37–44) enters into a complex relationship with the non-participation of certain coastal states (using Iran as an example) and the ambiguity of customary norms. The case study of the Strait of Hormuz demonstrates that the priority given to national security logic and countermeasures can lead to the formation of a local "mixed regime" for transit, where international treaties, customary law, national regulations, and political decisions operate concurrently.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The current situation in the global maritime transport market leads to the conclusion that there is a need to strengthen inter-state regulation, including through the creation of regional normative complexes within non-Western associations (BRICS, EAEU) capable of competing with the dominant transnational corporations in regulating transport markets.
This article examines current trends in the development of oil and oil product markets in the Eurasian Economic Union countries, focusing on the institutionalization of common energy markets, structural imbalances between hydrocarbon exporting and importing countries, as well as external factors, including sanctions pressure, the transformation of global supply chains, and changing global energy market conditions. The relevance of this study stems from the fundamental contradiction between the declared goals of economic integration in the energy sector, enshrined in the EAEU Treaty, and the persistent institutional, economic, and geopolitical barriers that impede the formation of fully-fledged common markets for oil and petroleum products. This contradiction is exacerbated by the increasing sanctions pressure on the Russian oil and gas sector and the growing need of Central Asian countries to diversify their energy supplies.
В статьях сборника обобщаются результаты исследований факторов и перспектив развития современного политического порядка в России. Проблематика рассмотрена с теоретико-методологических позиций институциональной политологии, с использованием разработанного авторами аналитического инструментария. Выводы верифицированы результатами репрезентативных общероссийских опросов, проведённых Отделом сравнительно-политических исследований в 2018–2022 гг. Анализ представлений респондентов о российской политике и месте граждан в ней позволяет реконструировать ключевые характеристики институциональной среды, оценить её влияние на формирование политических идентичностей и паттернов политической активности, обозначить перспективные направления институциональных изменений. Издание предназначено для научных сотрудников и преподавателей вузов, аспирантов, магистрантов и студентов старших курсов; для политологов, социологов, специалистов в области государственного и муниципального управления.
The article is devoted to the study of current problems of development of legal regulation of the activities of the legal profession in the mechanism of ensuring the adversarial nature of the parties in court. The paper substantiates that the legal regulation of the organization of the Soviet legal profession did not fully introduce and support the fundamental constitutional principles of legality, independence, selfgovernment, corporate character and equality in advocacy in their interrelation and systemic unity. This, in turn, did not allow for a full guarantee at the constitutional level of genuine adversarial proceedings. In relation to modern Russia, it cannot be said that an unconditional level of adversarial proceedings has been achieved, when the rights and legitimate interests of clients are fully realized in the administration of justice thanks to the exceptionally effective organization of the legal profession and qualified legal assistance. Such a scientific and public position would seem utopian, idealistic, and not in line with the realities of public life. However, the presence of a number of progressive tendencies does exist, as evidenced by the content of legislation and judicial practice.
BNPL (Buy Now, Pay Later) services are rapidly gaining popularity in the Russian financial market as a convenient alternative to traditional credit products. This article examines the features and risks of BNPL services in Russia. It compares BNPL services with other credit products and identifies criteria that distinguish BNPL services and make them more attractive. The risks of using BNPL services are identified and measures to minimize them are proposed.
