Mangiferin, a natural antioxidant with demonstrated therapeutic potential against a range of serious diseases, faces significant limitations in clinical application due to its extremely low water solubility and poor bioavailability. To address these challenges, this study reports the fabrication and characterization of a novel nanofiber drug delivery system that integrates mangiferin into a biocompatible polymer matrix composed of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chitosan (CS). Using a three-component solvent system, the electrospun solution achieved a mangiferin content 5 to 10 times higher than its aqueous solubility, resulting in nanofibers containing 6.7 to 12.5% mangiferin by weight. Optimization of electrospinning parameters identified 4% PVA, 3% CS, 0.5% mangiferin, 45% CH 3 COOH, and 15% C 2 H 5 OH as the optimal formulation, with a 150mm needle-collector distance, 0.2 mL/h feed rate, and 28 kV voltage, yielding uniform nanofibers with an average diameter of 332 ± 84 nm. UV-Vis spectra confirmed the stability of mangiferin in solution for at least 40 days at room temperature, while IR spectra indicated strong interactions between mangiferin and the polymer matrix. Increasing mangiferin loading slightly reduced overall crystallinity and increased cell size, influencing the glass transition, melting behavior, thermal decomposition, and mechanical properties of the nanofibers. These findings demonstrate that PVA–CS–mangiferin nanofibers are a promising platform for enhancing the solubility, stability, and controlled release of mangiferin, supporting their potential application in advanced drug delivery systems.
Obeticholic acid is the first-in-class selective farnesoid X receptor agonist that is approved in several countries (since August 2024, including Russia) for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis in patients with inadequate response to monotherapy with ursodeoxycholic acid or intolerance thereof. The present paper reviews the aspects and prospects of the use of obeticholic acid in primary biliary cholangitis as well as other hepatobiliary diseases, including non-alcoholic (metabolic dysfunction-associated) steatohepatitis.
Introduction. In this article authors analyze the features of providing the front and rear with medicines during the Great Patriotic War. The particular attention is paid to the serious damage caused by the German fascist invaders to the pharmaceutical industry and establishing a supply of medicines and medical supplies to Leningrad. Along with the characteristics of drugs and hygiene and care products produced at factories evacuated to safe regions of the USSR, the article also notes the contribution of medical and pharmaceutical enterprises of besieged Leningrad to saving the lives and health of citizens and the military. Objective: To study the features of the adaptation of pharmaceutical production to the requirements of wartime and to characterize the discoveries of Soviet scientists in the field of pharmacy and medical practice during the Great Patriotic War. Material and methods. The study is based on the study of published information about pharmaceutical industry during the Great Patriotic War. The research methods used to achieve the stated objectives are historical and descriptive methods. Results. The work considered the achievements of Soviet scientists who worked in military conditions. The work characterized the activities of N.V. Lazarev, who worked on stimulants of the nervous system in combat conditions; Z.V. Ermolyeva, who isolated the first domestic penicillin – crustosin, as well as cholera bacteriophage; G.F. Gause and M.G. Brazhnikova, who synthesized gramicidin C; G.P. Gemp, who made a number of discoveries in the field of algology; discoveries of N.I. Alexandrov, N.E. Gefen, N.N. Zhukova-Verezhnikova, M.P. Pokrovsky, E.I. Korobkova, M.M. Faibich, N.F. Gamaleya in the field of immunology. Conclusion. Despite the difficult conditions, the Great Patriotic War gave impetus to the development of the pharmaceutical industry in the field of immunology, therapy and vaccination. Existing enterprises were modernized and their production capacity was increased.
The present review provides a detailed bibliographic analysis of scientific works, including little-known ones, by I.V. Zmitrovich, devoted to the processes of biological development and taxonomy of eukaryotes. As the study of the bibliographic heritage of I.V. Zmitrovich has shown, important issues of theoretical biology raised in his works were morphogenesis, adaptogenesis, and eukaryote megataxonomy. First of all, by the type of affiliation, I.V. Zmitrovich was interested in fungi – osmoheterotrophic organisms with a chitinous cell wall, an open growth system, resembling plants and long attributed to this kingdom. However, consideration of the tendencies of the development of multicellularity and modular theory expanded the realm of interests of this researcher, being extended to the evolution of the vegetative body of plant organism, including higher plants with different types of cells and tissue differentiation. The purpose of this review was to study and acquaint our readers with the numerous scientific works by I.V. Zmitrovich devoted to the morphogenesis and taxonomy of eukaryotes of the last thirty years, many of which, in our opinion, were undeservedly lost in the intensifying flow of scientific and technical information of recent years.
Export of goods, including medicines and medical devices, is desirable for the economic development of every country. The aim of the study is to examine the state, structure and development trends of Russian pharmaceutical exports. The study materials were data from the United Nations (UN) trade database for the period 2019-2023. The methods of content analysis, time series analysis, analysis, synthesis and generalization of information were used. To assess the possibility of expanding the geographic presence of Russian pharmaceutical products, data on exports to countries within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) were excluded from the study. It was revealed that the share of pharmaceutical exports to countries outside the EAEU varies significantly in the study period: from 64% in 2021 to 45% in 2022. There was a decrease in the number of countries to which goods of group 30 "Pharmaceutical products" are exported from the Russian Federation, from 119 countries in 2019 to 91 in 2023. As of 2023, the leading countries purchasing domestic pharmaceutical products were: Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Nicaragua, Slovenia, the Republic of Moldova, Georgia, Uganda, Finland, Morocco. During the study period, the volume of exports of domestic goods increased by 35.2% (in monetary terms). It should be noted that the sales volumes of the vaccine segment increased multiple times in 2021. The bulk of exports of group 30 goods are medicines consisting of mixed or unmixed products - 61.4%; human blood, animal blood, immune serums - 35.4%. The study showed the possibility of expanding the geographic presence of the Russian pharmaceutical industry, possibly through the countries of Latin America, Southeast Asia and the Middle East.
