Saratov Chernyshevsky State University (Russian: Саратовский государственный университет имени Н. Г. Чернышевского, СГУ, transcribed as SGU) is a major higher education and research institution in Russia. Named for Nikolay Chernyshevsky, the university was founded in 1909 under the name Imperial Saratov University by the Decree of Emperor Nicholas II. On June 10, 1909, the Emperor signed the "Decree on the foundation of the university in Saratov", which became the tenth University in Russia and consisted of the Medical Faculty only. Professor V.I. Razumovsky became the first university rector. He was a public figure, surgeon, and scientist who is considered to be the founder of a neurosurgery school in Russia. Construction of major university buildings as well as the university clinic named after S.R. Mirotvortsev was carried out under the supervision of the talented Russian architect Karl Hermann Ludwig Müffke. The Regional Institute for Microbiology and Epidemiology in South East Russia opened in the city in 1919.It is located in Saratov, a city in the southeast of the European part of Russia, on the right bank of the Volga River. SGU has 28 departments, more than 90 programmes of study are offered and the current enrollment is around 28,000 students. In April 2006 the programming team from Saratov State University won the world finals of the 2006 ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest held in San Antonio, Texas.
This paper examines chaotic intermittency in electroencephalographic signals recorded during stage 2 slow-wave sleep in humans. A group of 103 healthy volunteers was divided according to the characteristics of their biological rhythms: early (30), late (40), and intermediate (33) chronotypes. Sleep spindles and the intervals between them were considered as turbulent and laminar phases of EEG dynamics, the duration distribution of which corresponds to an exponential law, suggesting the presence of ring-type intermittency. Phenomenological modeling based on Rössler’s nonlinear dynamic systems allows us to compare the distribution characteristics of laminar and turbulent phases with a coupling parameter inaccessible to direct observation in a living system. Thus, in groups of participants with early and late chronotypes, the influence of the thalamus on the cerebral cortex in the left hemisphere exceeds that in the right. In addition, the early chronotype group demonstrated an increased influence of the thalamus on the occipital region of the cerebral cortex compared to the frontal and central regions.
We investigate atomic ionization driven by an attosecond broadband XUV pulse and streaked by a phase-locked IR field. The resulting set of streaking spectrograms, comprising sequences of photoelectron spectra recorded at varying XUV or IR delays is analyzed to retrieve the XUV photoionization phase and the associated atomic time delay. By applying a rainbow-style timing analysis to the full streaking trace, we extract the phase and time delay continuously across a wide range of photoelectron energies. We illustrate the method for ionization of He 1s, Ar 3p, and Xe 4d. In helium, the near-threshold delay is dominated by the Coulomb phase, with an offset introduced by Coulomb-laser coupling in the IR field. In argon and xenon, the retrieved time delays resolve the characteristic features of the Cooper minimum and the giant shape resonance, respectively. These features are canonical examples of strong, correlation-and structure-driven phase variations in photoionization and their associated time-delay signatures. Our results are benchmarked against conventional narrowband streaking and reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions, demonstrating that rainbow streaking provides a robust and unified route to broadband phase and time-delay reconstruction.
We present here the results of immunofluorescence analysis, which confirmed the presence of luminalized vessels expressing Lyve‑1/Prox‑1, with a single endothelial layer, in the unaffected brain and in the presence of intraventricular hemorrhages. Lymphatic vessels (LVs) were detected in 3 out of 8 control brains and in 5 out of 34 brains from patients with intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). These LVs possess valves and a wavy shape in their distal regions, a characteristic feature of lymphatic precollectors. Additionally, we identified lymphatic elements (LEs) expressing Lyve‑1/Prox‑1 in the enlarged perivascular spaces (PVSs). The median size of PVSs was significantly larger in the IVH group (12.4 µm, Q25‑Q75: 9.8–15.1 µm) compared to controls (5.1 µm, Q25‑Q75: 4.2–6.3 µm; p < 0.05), and the number of LEs within PVSs was also increased in the IVH group (median 4.2 vs. 1.1 per mm2, p < 0.05). These groundbreaking findings could revolutionize our understanding of the anatomy and physiology of cerebral lymphatics, prompting a reevaluation of fundamental assumptions regarding the etiology of brain diseases associated with lymphatic dysfunction. The discovery of cerebral LVs represents a significant advance in the development of innovative technologies for modulating lymphatic removal of toxins and blood from the brain.
The performance of nanoscale and microscale diodes depends largely on the interplay between quantum tunneling and thermal effects. While resonant tunneling can greatly enhance current densities, the accompanying electrode heating threatens device stability and may trigger thermal runaway at high currents. This makes the joint treatment of tunneling and heat transport essential for reliable device design. To address this challenge, we derive a general quantum potential within the Schr & ouml;dinger equation, and develop analytical formulations for diode current at different electrode temperatures. The approach yields exact current-voltage characteristics, explicitly accounts for reverse tunneling at low anode voltages, and incorporates electrode materials with distinct Fermi energies and work functions. Coupling these results with a ballistic heat transport model, we predict electrode heating under realistic operating conditions. Our analysis shows that resonant tunneling increases current but also intensifies heating. Materials with high thermal conductivity, such as diamond or BeO, have been shown to mitigate overheating and extend stable operation. These findings provide a predictive framework for understanding the coupled quantum-thermal behavior of tunneling diodes and offer guidelines for designing advanced electron sources and nanoscale power devices where current amplification must be balanced with thermal stability.
Evaluating diffusion properties of novel optical clearing (OC) agents is critical for advancing medical imaging. Tartrazine (TTZ), a strong absorbing dye, has shown promise in enhancing tissue transparency, yet its diffusion properties remain uncharacterized. In this work, OC treatments with TTZ-water solutions with varying osmolarities were performed, and the diffusion times (tau) that characterize the tissue dehydration and the RI matching mechanisms were estimated. From kinetic T-c measurements during treatment, tau values of water and TTZ were estimated in muscles as 60.0 s and 416.0 s, respectively. Corresponding diffusion coefficients (D) were derived from sample thickness data measured during treatments where the unique fluxes of TTZ and water occur. The respective D values were then calculated as 1.9 x 10(-6) cm(2)/s for water and 3.6 x 10(-7) cm(2)/s for TTZ. These findings provide key insights into TTZ diffusion in skeletal muscle and support its potential as an effective OC agent.
