Herein, we have tried to review various routes of synthesis of nanoparticles.Then emphasis has been given on biological route of synthesis of nanoparticles where we discussed synthesis of nano-silver using algae, bacteria, plants, fungi etc.Also, the chemical positions and possible traditional uses of the plants are enlisted.The use of plant extract for making nanoparticles is inexpensive, easily scaled up and environmentally benign.It is especially suited for making nanoparticles that must be free from toxic contaminants as required in therapeutic applications.Then at the end we discussed the toxic effects of nanoparticles.
Background The temporalis muscle flap transfer with fascia lata augmentation (FLA) is a promising method for smile reconstruction after facial palsy. International literature lacks a detailed anatomical analysis of the temporalis muscle (TPM) combined with fascia lata (FL) augmentation. This study aims to describe the muscle's properties and calculate the length of FL needed to perform the temporalis muscle flap transfer with FLA. Methods Twenty nonembalmed male (m) and female (f) hemifacial cadavers were dissected to investigate the temporalis muscle's anatomy. Results The calculated minimum length of FL needed is 7.03cm (f) and 5.99cm (m). The length of the harvested tendon is 3.16cm/± 1.32cm (f) and 3.18/± 0.73cm (m). The length of the anterior part of the temporalis muscle (aTPM) is 4.16/± 0.80cm (f) and 5.30/± 0.85cm (m). The length of the posterior part (pTPM) is 5.24/± 1.51cm (f) and 6.62/± 1.03cm (m). The length from the most anterior to the most posterior point (aTPMpTPM) is 8.60/± 0.98cm (f) and 10.18/± 0.79cm (m). The length from the most cranial point to the distal tendon (cTPMdT) is 7.90/± 0.43cm (f) and 9.79/± 1.11cm (m). Conclusions This study gives basic information about the temporalis muscle and its anatomy to support existing and future surgical procedures in their performance. The recommended minimum length of FL to perform a temporalis muscle transfer with FLA is 7.03cm for female and 5.99cm for male, and minimum width of 3 cm. We recommend harvesting some extra centimeters to allow adjusting afterward.
Neem (Azadirachta indica), a Meliaceae family member, is a rapidly growing tropical evergreen tree with a thick, branching trunk. It has been used for hundreds of years in traditional Indian medicine as a home cure against numerous human illnesses in the Indian and African continents. Different components of the plant, including the flowers, leaves, seeds, and bark, have been used to treat both acute and chronic human illnesses, as well as an insecticide, antibiotic, larvicidal, antimalarial, antibacterial, antiviral, and spermicidal. The plant's anticancer qualities have been extensively researched in terms of its preventative, protective, tumor-suppressive, immunomodulatory, and apoptotic actions against different cancers and their molecular processes. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which lacks the expression of progesterone and estrogen receptors, has a dismal prognosis and no viable therapeutic options. Gedunin compound isolated from Azadirachtaindica's seed oil shows potential anticancer effect against Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cancer cells which acts as Heat Shock Protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor.
Background: This Phase IV post-marketing study was conducted to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir fixed-dose combination (FDC) in adult Indian patients with HCV infection as per the recommendation of the Drugs Controller General (India). Methods: This single-arm, open-label, multicenter study was conducted across 22 sites in 409 patients in India. All the eligible patients received once-daily sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (400mg/100mg) FDC for 12weeks. Safety was assessed by monitoring the adverse events (AEs) and efficacy was measured by the proportion of patients achieving sustained virological response (HCV RNA <15 IU/mL or undetectable) at 12weeks after the end of the treatment (SVR12). Results: Between October 2018 to June 2020, 409 patients were enrolled. Twenty patients discontinued the study due to consent withdrawal or lost to follow-up. The SVR12 rate was 90.8%. Sensitivity analysis showed consistent results with SVR12 rates of more than 93%. The combination was well tolerated and none of the AEs reported were related to the study drug, requiring dose reduction, or discontinuation of the study treatment. Conclusions: Once daily sofosbuvir/velpatasvir FDC for 12 weeks was found to be safe, well tolerated, and effective in patients with HCV infection. Trial Registration: The trial is registered at clinical trial registry of India with registration number CTRI/2018/08/015359. (CTRI Trial Data)
Background Limited supply, cost and potential for severe adverse effects observed with the blood derived rabies immunoglobulin products has led to search for alternative therapies. This issue has been addressed by developing an antirabies monoclonal antibody cocktail. Methods This is a phase 3, randomized, open-label, noninferiority trial conducted in patients with WHO category III exposure with suspected rabid animal. Eligible patients were assigned to either the test arm, TwinrabTM (docaravimab and miromavimab) or the reference arm, Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG; Imogam® Rabies-HT), in a ratio of 1:1. The primary endpoint was the comparison of responder rates between the two arms assessed as percentage of those with rabies virus neutralizing antibodies titers ≥ 0.5 IU/mL on day 14. Results A total of 308 patients were equally randomized into the two arms. In the per-protocol (PP) population, there were 90.21% responders in the TwinrabTM arm and, 94.37% in the HRIG arm. The Geometric Mean of RFFIT titres in the PP on day 14 were 4.38 and 4.85 IU/mL, for the TwinrabTM and HRIG arms, respectively. There were no deaths or serious adverse events reported. Conclusions This study confirmed that TwinrabTM is non-inferior to HRIG in terms of providing an unbroken window of protection up to day 84. This trial in healthy adults with WHO category III exposure from suspected rabid animal also establishes the safety of TwinrabTM in patients with one WHO approved vaccine regimen (Essen). Trials registration CTRI/2017/07/009038.
