This work tries to study a design, development and experimentation to evaluate a low-cost, multifunctional cargo cycle capable of performing mulching paper laying, drip irrigation pipe installation, and material transportation for small and medium-scale farmers. A manually labor operated cargo cycle assisted by a 750 W brushless DC motor, which was designed by mechanical, electrical, and ergonomic engineering principles. This system incorporates mulch paper and drip pipe rollers, soil covering units, and a modular steel frame. A prototype was fabricated with the help of the locally available materials and tested under real field conditions on flat, sloped, and uneven terrains. Performance measures such as operational speed, area coverage, efficiency, load capacity, and user feedback were recorded and compared with manual and powered methods. Field testing validated that the proposed cycle achieved an average efficiency of 200–333 m²/h depending on terrain, reducing labor requirements from 6 to 8 workers to a single operator. If compared with manual methods, this system has reduced overall operational time by approximately 50
The magic of nano-based materials as catalysts has emerged as a valuable alternative in organic transformations. Recent innovations in nanocatalysis enable chemists to prepare various functionalized nanocatalysts containing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolites, graphene oxides, and different mixed metal oxides. These catalysts enhance or influence the outcome of chemical reactions compared to conventional catalytic systems. This review highlights recent advancements in nano-based catalysts and summarizes their catalytic potential in the synthesis of pharmaceutically active heterocyclic scaffolds. Furthermore, the role of supported ionic liquid nanocatalysts under environmentally benign reaction conditions is also emphasized. Lastly, the author’s perspectives are briefly discussed, including future developments in the field of nanocatalysis for eco-friendly organic transformations.
Abstract Intelligent and multifunctional composite materials have transitioned from passive structural systems to adaptive platforms that can sense, actuate, convert energy, and self-repair. Nonetheless, despite its expansion, the domain remains disjointed. Mechanisms, manufacturing methods, and performance measurements are frequently examined in isolation, hindering the transition to dependable engineering systems. This review rigorously assesses contemporary smart composite designs by linking functional mechanisms with interface engineering, manufacturing scalability, and long-term dependability. It demonstrates that several documented high-performance systems depend on laboratory-specific circumstances, but practical implementation is hindered by conflicting property requirements, interfacial instability, and environmental degradation. This review’s distinctiveness lies in creating a cohesive framework that connects multiscale modelling, sophisticated manufacturing, and multifunctional performance evaluation to discern design trade-offs rather than focusing solely on material enhancements. Current advances, such as artificial intelligence-assisted material discovery, programmable metamaterials, structural energy storage, and bio-inspired designs, are evaluated in terms of manufacturability and durability rather than solely functional output. Special emphasis is placed on novel sustainable composites and digital-twin-enabled predictive maintenance. Significant hurdles persist in scalable manufacturing, consistent multifunction integration, power management, and lifetime stability under cyclic loads and adverse conditions. Resolving these difficulties necessitates integrating material design with system-level optimisation and standardised assessment methodologies. This paper offers a prospective framework for advancing smart composites from experimental materials to reliable engineering components in aircraft, robotics, healthcare, and energy infrastructure.
The rapid expansion of interconnected devices via the Internet of Things (IoT) presents numerous challenges, including security, privacy, scalability, and interoperability. Extensive research efforts are underway to address these challenges. A review of the literature indicates that the development of a Digital Twin for IoT networks effectively mitigates most identified issues. Addressing multiple challenges does not necessarily require complex solutions. The issues surrounding interoperability, scalability, and security have already been addressed in the UNIX paper, which is recognized for its simplicity. Notable similarities between the architectures of UNIX and IoT networks have been identified. This paper proposes a novel UNIX-Inspired Digital Twin Framework for IoT Networks, leveraging the architectural simplicity and robustness of UNIX to enhance interoperability, security, and scalability. The proposed framework presents an isomorphic mapping between UNIX and IoT architecture. The proposed framework incorporates an innovative group key generation algorithm using BLAKE3 and HKDF. AI-assisted trust management system is incorporated in framework to dynamically monitor and secure IoT networks. The proposed mathematical models were validated via simulations, with empirical validation designated for future work.
