Shah Abdul Latif University

The rapid expansion of nanotechnology has opened novel opportunities to share for addressing global challenges related to food security, environmental sustainability, and human health. Conventional physical and chemical methods for the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) often involve hazardous chemicals, high energy demands, and poor biocompatibility. In contrast, bacterial-synthesized NPs are considered eco-friendly and multifunctional with their enormous potential in agriculture, bioremediation, and biomedical applications. The study highlights the importance of Bacteriogenic NPs as a sustainable alternative to chemically and physically produced NPs due to their reduced toxicity and lower energy consumption. Hence, bacteriogenic NPs, particularly those derived from Bacillus and Pseudomonas species, exhibit remarkable stability, biocompatibility, and multifunctional spectrum due to inherent reducing and capping biomolecules secreted by those bacteria. This review highlights the biosynthetic mechanisms, characterization techniques, and diverse applications of bacterial-based NPs. Initially, in agriculture, silver NPs synthesized by Bacillus xiamenesis enhanced rice growth while suppressing Xanthomonas oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight. Then, in environmental remediation, Bacillus pumilus-derived silver nanoparticles demonstrated 96.99

Resource allocation in sixth-generation (6G) networks must meet throughput, latency, and reliability targets while network conditions keep changing. At the same time, the telemetry needed to train good models is distributed across many devices and edge nodes, so sending it to a central server can violate privacy or data-sharing constraints. Federated learning (FL) helps, but two practical concerns usually determine whether it works in practice: how much communication is needed to achieve strong performance, and whether weaker (tail) clients benefit-not only the average client. In this study, we run large-scale FL on 6G telemetry with 200 clients and quantify the communication fairness trade-off. We evaluate FedAvg and FedProx under multiple settings and benchmark them against a strong centralized model and a local-only baseline. Results are reported as mean ± 95% confidence intervals over five random seeds. We measure the accuracy, macro-F1, AUC, and AP, and we also focus on tail behavior using the worst eligible client accuracy, p10 client accuracy, and fairness gap. By plotting the accuracy/macro-F1 against cumulative communication (bytes), we show that some configurations match the average performance while transmitting far fewer data. Finally, we find that the worst client performance improves early and then stabilizes, and a sensitivity study suggests that FedProx’s μ has a limited impact in this setup. These findings offer actionable guidance for 6G operators and system designers by quantifying how participation and dropout policies translate into concrete communication budgets and tail client behavior.

This study investigated the individual and combined toxicological effects of lead (Pb) and endosulfan on Labeo rohita fingerlings following a 28-day sublethal exposure. Seven experimental groups were established, including control, low and high concentrations of Pb and endosulfan, and their respective combinations. Hematological, biochemical, neurotoxic, tissue bioaccumulation, and genotoxic biomarkers were assessed. Results revealed significant hematological disturbances characterized by reductions in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, alongside elevated white blood cell counts. Biochemical analyses showed hyperglycemia, hypoproteinemia, dyslipidemia, increased creatinine and urea levels, and marked elevation of hepatic enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP). Neurotoxicity was evident through significant inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity, with the greatest suppression observed under combined high-dose exposure. Tissue analysis demonstrated substantial accumulation of Pb and endosulfan in gill, liver, and kidney tissues, with co-exposure resulting in up to 1.7-fold higher accumulation than individual treatments. Genotoxicity assessment using the comet assay revealed pronounced DNA damage, with damaged erythrocytes exceeding 65% and a threefold increase in genetic damage index in the combined high-dose group. Two-way ANOVA confirmed significant Pb × endosulfan interactions, highlighting synergistic toxicity. Overall, the findings underscore the heightened ecological and food safety risks associated with concurrent heavy metal and pesticide contamination in freshwater ecosystems.

Ti2-based MXenes represent a promising yet underexplored class of electrode materials for supercapacitors (SCs), categorized by a lower molecular weight, fast charging kinetics, and exceptional ion-intercalation dynamics. As the first comprehensive review on Ti2-based MXenes electrodes, our work provides a detailed analysis of recent advances, from fundamental to practical applications of SCs. A detailed focus is placed on the synergy between experiment and density functional theory (DFT) to elucidate the structure, properties, and electrochemical performance of Ti2-based MXenes. This work thoroughly summarizes key challenges, including controlled synthesis, oxidation stability, and severe layer restacking, and evaluates corresponding mitigation strategies, such as precision etching, interlayer engineering, targeted doping, and composite design. Additionally, this review provides insights into the distinctive charge storage mechanisms of Ti2-based MXenes, particularly their balance between capacitive and pseudocapacitive behavior. Finally, we present future perspectives on engineering these materials for next-generation SCs, focusing on advanced material design, interface control, and integration into asymmetric and hybrid devices. This review aims to serve as a foundational reference for unlocking the full potential of this promising type of MXene family for high-performance SCs.

Magnetron sputtering is a versatile and scalable technique that enables the precise tuning of key properties, including crystalline phase, stoichiometry, and phase ratios. Despite its widespread use in producing dense non‐porous coatings on flat substrates, its potential for developing porous electroactive materials remains underexplored. Here the use of rough substrates, such as carbon nanotubes and nanosheets, revealing a dramatic change in the growth mechanism of this model systems, nickel nitride, and chromium nitride is investigated. The nanometric roughness of these carbon nanomaterials leads to distinct effects, including strong shadowing of deposited species and non‐competitive growth. This results in enhanced porous thin films with open microstructures and high available surface areas. It is then apply the experimental findings, confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations, to other thin films to demonstrate this approach extends to multiple nanorough substrate/thin film systems, thereby paving the way for designing new materials with enhanced energy conversion and storage performance.