In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework for examining the split monotone variational inclusion problem (SMVIP) related to maximal monotone operators and the fixed point problem (FPP) associated with multivalued demicontractive mappings in Hilbert spaces. Within this framework, we employ self adaptive, Tikhonov regularization, and double inertial viscosity approximation techniques to establish an algorithm for computing common solutions to the SMVIP and FPP under appropriate control conditions. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through both theoretical analysis and numerical results, including real-world applications to the data classification. We highlight the key advantages of our algorithm in comparison to classical algorithms for the SMVIP and FPP.
Hydrogen is a promising clean, renewable energy source with zero carbon waste, generated via an electrochemical conversion system. The key to electrocatalytic water splitting lies in the semi-reactions, such as OER/ HER, and overall water splitting, yet remains hindered by their sluggish kinetics. To overcome this challenge, the development of an appropriate, competent, low-cost, and efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for hydrogen and oxygen evolution is highly desirable. In this perspective, we adopted a hydrothermal method to design an efficient CeSe2-Cu2O/g-C3N4 heterostructure as a bifunctional electrocatalyst. The layered structure of roughly spherical nanoparticles and the higher redox potentials of Ce3+/Ce4+ and Cu1+/Cu2+ on the catalyst surface created heterojunction interfaces for active centres and strong electronic interactions for robust charge-transport rates, which accelerate the OER and HER activity with impressive electro-catalytic potential of 202 and 89 mV at standard current density by using 1.0 mol alkaline electrolyte. Besides, the anionic edge sites in the structure of CeSe2-Cu2O/g-C3N4 optimised the adsorption of reactants and intermediates, thereby demonstrating superior stability of 60 h and 80 h for OER and HER, respectively. In the overall water electrolysis test, the CeSe2-Cu2O/g-C3N4 electrolyser exhibits excellent stability for 40 h at 1.53 V, maintaining 10 mA cm-2. The present work proposes a new approach to designing an efficient and stable bifunctional catalyst to enhance electrocatalytic water splitting performance by coupling g-C3N4 via an anionic bimetallic strategy.
Peptic ulcer disease remains clinically important despite effective Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication and acid-suppressive therapy. Gastric injury reflects an imbalance between aggressive factors, including acid-pepsin activity, H. pylori, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), ethanol, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and microvascular disturbance and protective mechanisms such as mucus-bicarbonate secretion, prostaglandin signaling, nitric oxide-regulated blood flow, epithelial restitution, and endogenous antioxidant defenses. Bixa orellana L. (annatto or achiote) is a tropical medicinal plant whose seed arils are rich in the apocarotenoids bixin and norbixin, whereas its leaves contain variable phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other constituents depending on geography, maturity, and extraction method. This critical narrative review uses a structured search and qualitative evidence-appraisal framework to evaluate extract-specific phytochemistry, direct gastric evidence, indirectly relevant gastrointestinal and vascular evidence, mechanistic plausibility, safety, quality control, and translational readiness. The available literature supports B. orellana as a biologically plausible preclinical mucosal-protective candidate, particularly for prevention of acute chemical injury; however, it does not establish clinical efficacy or chronic ulcer-healing activity. Confidence is limited by the small number of direct gastric studies, incomplete chemical characterization, inconsistent separation of leaf and seed evidence, limited dose-response testing, narrow model selection, and insufficient mechanistic and histological endpoints. Future studies should use authenticated plant material, voucher specimens, chromatographic fingerprints, quantitative markers, complementary prevention and healing models, acute and repeated-dose toxicology, mucus and prostaglandin measurements, oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers, and blinded histological scoring before human investigation is justified.
The Thar Desert, one of South Asia largest arid ecosystems, is renowned for its rich cultural heritage and ecological diversity. It supports unique indigenous communities whose livelihoods depend on agriculture, animal husbandry, and traditional crafts such as woodworking, wool weaving, and jewelry making. Despite its ecological and medicinal significance, much of the region’s ethnobotanical knowledge remains undocumented. To systematically characterize the distribution, diversity, and medicinal potential of Thar Desert flora, an extensive literature review was conducted using scientific databases including Flora of Pakistan, Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), and Plants of the World Online (POWO), as well as search engines such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect (1980–2024). A total of 162 plant species belonging to 69 families were documented and evaluated for their phytochemical composition, ethnomedicinal relevance, and conservation status across the Thar Desert. The dominant families—Poaceae (27
Abstract Refractory epileptic encephalopathies are defined as the severe, childhood-onset epilepsies associated with drug-resistant periodic seizures, neurodevelopmental disability, behavioral problems, and escalate the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), especially in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome. Although several anti-seizure drugs are offered, about 20–30% of the patients do not respond well to the treatment, indicating the necessity of new methods of treatment. This is an in-depth analysis of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical effectiveness, safety profile, and pharmacokinetic status of the drug, fenfluramine, in refractory developmental and epileptic encephalopathies The mechanism of action of fenfluramine is primarily associated with enhancing serotonergic neurotransmission and modulating sigma-1 receptors, as well as restoring the excitatory-inhibitory balance in neural networks. Other processes of GABAergic enhancement, regulation of glutamatergic signalling, Nrf2, ROS, and possible neuroendocrine effects are discussed. Various Clinical trials have shown that convulsive seizures are reduced significantly by fenfluramine in Dravet syndrome and drop seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, and cognitive and behavioral and improve the quality of life are emerging. Although echocardiographic monitoring remains a mandatory requirement due to past safety concerns, modern low-dose regimens demonstrate a satisfactory tolerability rate. Fenfluramine is a novel multi-mechanistic anti-seizure drug that has disease-modifying and multi-mechanistic activity. The purpose of this review is to highlights the additional long-term safety evaluation and larger clinical trials are justified in order to establish its place in the management of refractory epilepsy further and to treat the various types of seizures.
