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Since independence, India has repeatedly revised its educational policy to respond to shifting political priorities, social aspirations, and economic demands. This article traces major educational reforms from 1947 to the National Education Policy 2020, focusing on key commissions and policies that reshaped structures, objectives, and governance. Beginning with the Radhakrishnan and Mudaliar Commissions, it examines the Kothari Commission and the National Policies on Education of 1968 and 1986, before turning to the comprehensive reform vision articulated in NEP 2020. The discussion highlights continuities such as concern for access, equity, national integration, and quality as well as shifts, including the move from expansion to outcomes, and from narrowly disciplinary to holistic, multidisciplinary learning. The article argues that while India has achieved remarkable quantitative growth in enrolment and institutions, qualitative challenges in learning outcomes, teacher preparation, and implementation capacity remain central to the current reform agenda.
This paper presents an end-to-end AI-based system designed to automate the verification of Indian identity documents such as Aadhaar, PAN, and Voter ID cards. The proposed solution combines Optical Character Recognition (OCR) with a state-of-the-art Large Language Model (LLM) to extract and validate document information. The system allows users to upload document images through a ReactJS and TailwindCSS-based interface, stores data securely using Supabase, and processes the content through an OCR engine for text extraction. A large language model is then employed to interpret the extracted text, validate key fields, and detect inconsistencies or anomalies. Documents achieving an accuracy score of 80% or higher are marked as valid, while those below this threshold are flagged as invalid. Experimental results demonstrate that the system achieves over 90% validation accuracy on clear document scans. The integration of AI reasoning with modern web technologies significantly reduces manual verification effort, offering scalability, transparency, and improved reliability for real-world KYC (Know Your Customer) and identity validation use cases
The C797S mutation in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) presents a major resistance mechanism against third-generation inhibitors such as Osimertinib in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A structure-guided fragment-based de novo design strategy was employed to develop inhibitors targeting the conserved Lys745 residue. A starting library of 87,412 lysine-reactive fragments was filtered using the Rule of Three, resulting in 28,829 drug-like candidates. These were screened through constraint-based molecular docking, identifying 2821 fragments that interacted directly with Lys745. These fragments were recombined using Schr & ouml;dinger's Breed module, yielding 6211 novel compounds, of which Breed 2018, Breed 2066 and Breed 1958 displayed docking scores <=-9.00 kcal/mol and formed stable interactions with Lys745 and Met793. Molecular dynamics simulations over 200 ns confirmed complex stability, and MM/GBSA calculations showed binding free energies reaching -217.56 kcal/mol. DFT analysis indicated strong electrophilic potential, while ADME profiling predicted >88% oral absorption, no Lipinski violations and high membrane permeability. The results identify Breed 2018 as a promising scaffold for the development of fourth-generation EGFR inhibitors capable of overcoming C797S-mediated drug resistance.
Since India gained its freedom in 1947, physics has had an incredible journey, as this review paper shows. Indian physics began a path characterized by intentional institution-building, ambitious ambitions, and a persistent struggle between foundational research and national development after emerging from colonial authority with minimal infrastructure but a strong intellectual legacy. The paper examines this history in three phases: the foundational decades (1940s-1970s) characterized by visionary leadership and the creation of a strong institutional framework; the 1980s–2000s, a time of global integration and consolidation marked by significant experimental projects and an increasing presence in international collaborations; and the modern period (2010s-present) of mega-science aspirations and a fresh push for applied and technological spin-offs. The assessment critically addresses enduring issues, such as financing limitations, brain drain, bureaucratic slowness, and the need for a stronger industry-academia nexus, while acknowledging ground-breaking accomplishments in disciplines like space physics, condensed matter theory, and cosmic ray research. The road forward necessitates a multifaceted strategy, including continued investment in mega-science while empowering small and medium-sized groups, stimulating disruptive innovation and entrepreneurship in physics-based technologies, and implementing structural reforms to attract and retain people. and international reputation, highlighting the fact that a comprehensive, adaptable, and encouraging scientific strategy is crucial to its future success.
