Objective: Irbesartan is one of the expansively utilized angiotensin II receptor blockers for treatment of hypertension and diabetic nephropathy. Accurate pharmacokinetic evaluation of irbesartan requires sensitive and trustworthy analytical methods. This study successfully established and thoroughly validated a novel and quick Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography (UFLC) bioanalytical method for the measurement of Irbesartan in rat plasma as a pure bulk medication. Methods: Using an isocratic mobile phase consisting of methanol and PBS (pH 3.5) in an 80:20 (v/v) ratio, the chromatographic separation was successfully accomplished on a C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm, 5 μm) at room temperature.Results: UV detection was tracked at 233 nm, and the flow rate was 0.75 mL/min. In the absence of endogenous plasma interference, a distinct, sharp analyte peak was seen at a retention time of 6.4minutes. Over a broad concentration range of 100–7000 ng/mL, the technique demonstrated high linearity. Additionally, good extraction recovery (mean ~95.5%), outstanding accuracy, intra-day and inter-day precision, and high stability under various storage conditions and bioanalytical study were attained through stringent validation.Conclusion: In conclusion, a simple, rapid, and sensitive isocratic UFLC method was effectively developed and fully validated for the quantification of Irbesartan in rat plasma. The method exhibited high selectivity, excellent recovery (95.5%), robust stability under varied storage conditions, and low detection limits across a wide dynamic range (100–7000 ng/mL). Meeting all regulatory validation measures, this analytical approach aids as a reliable, cost-effective, and high throughput platform for routine preclinical pharmacokinetic, bioavailability, and bioequivalence evaluations of Irbesartan. Finally, the method works well for standard bioanalytical applications.
Background and Objectives: Globally, breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant disease that affects females and is one of the major causes of cancer-related death for women. The first line of treatment for breast cancer consists of chemotherapy drugs combined with radiation and surgical intervention. However, because therapeutic agents do not yet reach the tumor site at sufficient concentrations, resulting in decreased pharmacokinetics and increased systemic adverse effects, pharmacotherapy has been altered. Chemotherapy for breast cancer is more effective and successful, and is less toxic when nanotechnology is employed. Many cancer forms develop multidrug resistance, which appears to be a critical factor in the failure of numerous chemotherapy treatment classes. Phytofabricated nanoparticles have been developed recently for targeted herbal drug administration, molecular biology screening of biological markers for malignancies, and in vivo cancer diagnostics. Phytofabricated polymeric nanoparticles are the most prominent and emerging nanocarri-ers that have gained much research attention in the field of novel drug delivery systems for real-time treatment of breast cancer (BC) tumors. Methods: In herbal drug delivery technologies, the advancement of phytopharmacological science has led to the elucidation of the composition of phytoconstituents and their biological activities. Nano-sized herbal med-icines can overcome inadequate bioavailability, in vivo degradation and toxicity, uneven distribution, intesti-nal absorption, and a non-specific site of action. The combinatorial strategy of employing both nanotechnol-ogy and herbal medications allows for therapeutic potentiation, which reduces the required dose and undesir-able harmful effects. In the present study, a comprehensive search utilizes databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, etc, to locate the original research papers. In addition, diligent work is done to gather and update the progress of novel polymer-based nanocarriers for treating BC in the form of tables. Results: Researchers have devised innovative approaches to create and cultivate nanomedicine specifically targeted at breast cancer to attain even greater gains in drug resistance reversal, antitumorigenicity, antime-tastasis, and disease specificity. Nanoparticles' exceptionally high surface area-to-volume ratio makes it pos-sible to modify their surface characteristics for better therapeutic outcomes, i.e., cancer targeting, enhanced endocytosis and transcytosis, and extended circulation. This allows for more effective entry into tumor sites, metastasis, and cancer cells. Additionally, co-administration of phytochemical combinations may enhance additive or synergistic anticancer effects. Conclusion: Breast cancer treatment with phytofabricated polymeric nanoparticles appears to be a potential avenue of research. Furthermore, the utilization of phytofabricated polymeric nanoparticles in conjunction with other loaded phytoconstituents or chemotherapeutics demonstrated encouraging outcomes in the treat-ment of BC. This article depicts a comprehensive new finding that formulation scientists are developing on phytochemical-based polymeric nanocarriers to pave the way for future pharmaceutical nanotechnology re-search.
A simple, precise, stability-indicating Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) based eco-friendly reverse-phase ultra-fast liquid chromatography (RP-UFLC) was established for the quantitative assessment of Nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate (NHM) in pharmaceutical formulations. The suggested RP-UFLC method was optimized utilizing rotating central composite designs (rCCD), with chromatographic separation conducted on a Hypersil ODS C18 column (250.0 mm × 4.6 mm, 5.0 μm). The mobile phase comprised methanol and 0.1% phosphate buffer (pH 4.0) in a 90:10 v/v ratio, flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, with the detection wavelength of 261.0 nm. A standard curve and sample solutions were prepared utilizing mobile phase, and caffeine was used as the internal standard. The statistical validation metrics, including linearity, accuracy, interday and intraday precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) for NHM concentration, were within acceptable limits. The recovery range of NHM was 99.0% to 102.0%. The assay yielded a result of 100.09%. NHM was subjected to multiple stress conditions and determined that the medication has moderate sensitivity to oxidation relative to acidic, alkaline, thermal, and photolytic degradation. An environmental sustainability assessment of the developed approach was performed by using multiple green analytical tools, including Analytical Eco scale, Analytical GREEness, Green Analytical Procedure Index, Click Analytical Chemistry Index, Analytical Green Star Area, and Blue Applicability Grade Index, which yielded high scores indicating substantial practicality, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness of the method.
Cancer remains a major global health burden, with conventional therapies limited by systemic toxicity and poor targeting. Hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea), an effective antimetabolite used in leukemia, melanoma, and head and neck cancers, is constrained by low solubility, rapid clearance, and dose-limiting toxicity. To address these limitations, this study develops hydroxycarbamide-loaded PLGA nanoparticles using a Quality by Design (QbD) approach to achieve an optimized and reproducible formulation. Critical formulation and process parameters were identified via Fishbone analysis, followed by Taguchi screening and Box–Behnken optimization, resulting in nanoparticles with a particle size of 78.14 nm, PDI of 0.207, and zeta potential of − 18.5 mV. These physicochemical attributes enabled efficient drug encapsulation, enhanced solubility, and controlled release. In vitro cytotoxicity studies showed that the nanoparticle formulation was significantly more effective than free hydroxycarbamide, with the IC₅₀ reduced from 0.7 to 0.2 µg/mL. This enhanced potency is attributed to improved cellular uptake, drug stabilization, and sustained release from the PLGA matrix, suggesting potential for reduced systemic toxicity. This study presents a robust QbD-driven PLGA nanoparticle platform for hydroxycarbamide delivery with enhanced therapeutic performance. The findings demonstrate its strong translational potential to improve the safety and efficacy of conventional anticancer therapy.
Introduction: The Y chromosome, essential for male sex determination and reproduction, has undergone significant evolutionary shrinkage, losing most of its genetic content. This review explores the biological and historical significance of the Y chromosome, its role in male-specific traits, spermatogenesis, and secondary sexual characteristics. It also examines the implications of its shrinking for male infertility, cancer risk, and aging-related diseases, along with potential pharmacological and genetic solutions. Methods: A comprehensive review of existing literature, cross-species studies, and recent advancements in genetics and medical research was conducted. Based on mechanisms of Y chromosome degeneration, its impact on health, and possible therapeutic interventions, including hormone replacement therapies, assisted reproductive technologies, and genee-diting techniques like CRISPR. Results: Despite reducing from 1,400 to 55 active genes, the Y chromosome retains key functions in testosterone production and sperm maturation through genes like SRY, DAZ, and TSPY. Studies suggest alternative mechanisms for male traits in the absence of the Y chromosome, raising questions about its future in humans. Discussion: The shrinkage is linked to infertility, increased cancer risk, and aging-related disorders. Potential pharmacological approaches involve hormone replacement therapies, assisted reproductive technologies, and gene-editing techniques like CRISPR. Conclusion: The shrinking Y chromosome poses challenges to male health, but scientific advancements offer hope for mitigating its effects. Integrating genetic research, evolutionary studies, and medical innovations is crucial for addressing Y-linked disorders and guiding the future of male health and reproduction.
