Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya

This study presents an integrative approach, correlating spectroscopic evidence of molecular interactions with incremental variations in macroscopic properties such as density (ρ), viscosity (η), and ultrasonic velocity (U), to elucidate the behavior of multicomponent liquid mixtures. Accordingly, FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify the molecular-level interactions, to interpret the changes in thermoacoustic properties and molar excess parameters of the two ternary liquid mixtures:benzaldehyde (BA) + 2-chlorophenol (CP) + n-hexane (NH) and cinnamaldehyde (CA) + CP + NH. These aspects were systematically investigated for different mole fractions of the liquid components (BA,CA, CP and NH) at four temperatures (T = 293.15–308.15 K). Experimental measurements of ρ, η and U were used to evaluate the key thermoacoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (βₐd), intermolecular free length (Lf), free volume (Vf), internal pressure (π), and specific acoustic impedance (Z), along with their corresponding excess functions (βₐdᴱ, Lfᴱ, Vfᴱ, πᴱ, and Zᴱ). The experimental U values were analyzed using Nomoto (UN), Impedance (UIR), and Rao (UR) relations, and model suitability was assessed through average percentage deviation (APD). The results reveal pronounced non-linear composition dependence and significant temperature sensitivity in both systems. Comparative analysis shows that the CA-based mixtures exhibit lower ρ, η, u, and Z and higher βₐd and Vf than the BA-based system, indicating looser molecular packing and weaker associative interactions. FTIR spectral analysis confirms O–H···O=C hydrogen-bonded complexes between CP and the aldehydes, with stronger interactions in the BA system and weaker, more delocalized associations in the CA system due to extended π-conjugation.

Abstract A disease may either manage with conservative treatment by surgical procedures or by both. This is the base of treatment. Ayurveda is a science of endless possibilities. In some of the cases where surgery is an ultimate option, Ayurveda may provide a non-surgical treatment modality. Chronic suppurative Otitis Media is a condition having a permanent tympanic membrane perforation with other signs and symptoms of otitis media. The epithelialization of the perforated edges made it permanent. Therefore, surgery is only an option available for this condition in allopathic system of medicine. In addition, the tympanic membrane perforation in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) cannot be restored through conservative treatments like oral medications and Ear drops. In Ayurveda, considering the causative factors of CSOM and its sign and symptoms, it can be treated with Samanya Karna roga Chikitsa Upakrama. The signs and symptoms of CSOM may be compared to the Pootikarna, Karnasrava and Badhirya. In this case series Classical Nasya, Karna pichu or Karna Bindu (eardrops) along with other Shamana Oushadhi are included in its treatment protocol. The main aim of the case series is to reduce the size of TM perforation or to heal the perforation.

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS), which came into force on 1 July 2024, replaced the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and, with it, the colonial offence of sedition in Section 124A. In its place Section 152 punishes acts that endanger the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India. Although the change was presented as a clean break with the colonial past, critics describe the new provision as sedition under a different name. This paper uses the doctrinal method to compare the two provisions on the interest protected, the conduct targeted, the mental element, the permitted modes of commission, the statutory safeguard for criticism, the punishment and the procedure. It reviews the judicial treatment of Section 124A, particularly the Constitution Bench decision in Kedar Nath Singh, and tests Section 152 against Articles 19(1)(a) and 19(2) of the Constitution. The paper concludes that Section 152 moves the object of protection from the Government to the State and its territorial unity and adds an express mental element, but retains open-ended expressions such as “subversive activities” and “separatist activities” that may chill legitimate dissent unless they are defined or read down by the courts.

Every legal system must decide how far a person may go in resisting an unlawful attack when the State cannot protect them in time. This article studies the right of private defence in Sections 34 to 44 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS), with attention to the point at which defensive force may lawfully cause death. It explains how the Sanhita protects the body and property, sets out the seven kinds of offence against the body and four kinds of property offence that can justify a fatal response, and describes the limits imposed by Section 37. The analysis is tested against three Supreme Court decisions, Darshan Singh, James Martin and Vidhya Singh, which were decided under the Indian Penal Code but still guide the reading of the new provisions. The article argues that courts must judge the defender’s conduct as it appeared in the moment of danger, while refusing to let defence become a cover for revenge. It closes with recommendations on adjudication, evidence and public awareness.

Biopolymer electrolyte films were prepared by doping Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide (TSP) with different weight ratios of Sodium Bromide (NaBr) (80:20, 70:30, 60:40 & 50:50 wt%) via solution casting technique. TSP is an eco-friendly and biodegradable polymer, and can support ion transport, and NaBr serves as eco-friendly source of Sodium. Together, they offer simple and low-cost approach for developing safer solid-state Sodium-ion batteries, which serve as alternative dependence on Lithium. Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed complexation between TSP and NaBr through systematic shifts in O–H, CH2, carbonyl and C–O stretching bands. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) showed progressive reduction in the degree of crystallinity with increasing NaBr content, with TSP:NaBr (60:40 wt%) exhibiting lowest crystallinity and highest amorphous nature, substantiated by smooth, homogeneous surface morphology observed by the results from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Alternating Current (AC) impedance spectroscopy showed that the biopolymer film with composition TSP:NaBr (60:40 wt%) exhibited highest ionic conductivity value of 1.13 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 303 K, increased to 3.39 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 373 K, and followed Arrhenius behaviour with an activation energy of 0.089 eV. Wagner’s polarization technique confirmed that the transport mechanism within the electrolyte is predominantly ionic in nature with ionic transference number, tion reported to be 0.99, with minimal electronic contribution, and Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) indicated an electrochemical stability window of 2.52 V for TSP:NaBr (60:40 wt%) composition. A primary battery was fabricated using the TSP:NaBr (60:40 wt%) electrolyte, sodium metal anode, and Iodine-Carbon Composite cathode, delivering an open-circuit voltage of 2.1 V and a short-circuit current of 0.9 mA, with stable discharge behaviour. These findings suggest that TSP-based biopolymer electrolytes with optimized NaBr dopant ratios are promising, eco-friendly candidates for sodium-ion-conducting solid-state battery applications.