Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences is a private and deemed-to-be-university located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It has nine disciplines of studies: Dental College, School of Management, School of Law, School of Engineering, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Physiotherapy, School of Nursing and Medical College. The first three disciplines are in Poonamalle while the rest are in Thandalam. Saveetha Engineering College is an Anna University-affiliated institution. Admissions are done through Class 12th Indian board examinations..
The increased global production of plastic materials and the presence of plastic waste in the environment have resulted in widespread environmental contamination despite the presence of restrictions from various governments. The breakdown of macroplastic materials has resulted in the formation of microplastics (MPs; ≤ 5 mm), which are now widespread in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems. The widespread presence of MPs in the environment poses severe ecotoxicological risks to organisms at various trophic levels. Although there has been increased interest in the study of the impacts of MPs, critical knowledge gaps still exist regarding the application of remediation measures at various scales. This article aims to comprehend the present status of global MP contamination, with a special focus on the patterns of contamination and the difficulties associated with environmental monitoring in India. The study also examines advances over the last decade in the biodegradation of secondary MPs using bacterial and fungal consortia. The critical parameters associated with the degradation process, the efficiency of the microorganisms in various experimental setups, and the associated enzymatic processes are critically reviewed in the study.
The increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the earth’s atmosphere is one of the major environmental challenges of our time, playing a significant role in climate change. The conversion of CO2 into valuable fuels and chemicals is a promising approach to mitigate the impact of this greenhouse gas and utilize it as a renewable carbon source. This article reviews various CO2 conversion routes, including reverse water gas shift (RWGS), methanol synthesis, conversion to olefins, dimethyl ether (DME), and formic acid, and analyzes their thermodynamic and selectivity aspects. Next, the role of molten salt catalysts in CO2 activation is reviewed, with a focus on their physicochemical properties and the roles of anions and cations. Also, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are introduced as novel catalytic substrates for CO2 reduction, hydrogenation, and photoconversion. Mechanistic studies, hybrid systems (such as combining MOFs with quantum dots or metal nanoparticles), and electric field effects and surface phenomena in plasmonic substrates are also reviewed. Finally, current challenges, technical and research limitations, and future perspectives on the development of CO2 conversion technologies are presented.
The growing demand for low-carbon and high-performance construction materials has accelerated the development of high-performance geopolymer concrete (HPGC) as a sustainable alternative to conventional ordinary Portland cement (OPC)-based systems. This review presents a comprehensive and mechanism-driven evaluation of recent advances in HPGC, integrating geopolymerization chemistry, microstructural engineering, performance optimization, and long-term durability. Unlike traditional descriptive reviews, this study emphasizes the correlation between reaction mechanisms, gel chemistry (N–A–S–H and C–A–S–H systems), pore refinement, and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) optimization in governing the wide strength spectrum of HPGC (36–130 MPa). The role of precursor synergy—particularly binary and ternary blends of fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), metakaolin, and silica-rich materials—are critically analyzed in relation to activator chemistry, silicate modulus, curing regime, and polymerization degree. Performance-based mix design strategies, statistical optimization methods, and emerging machine learning approaches are reviewed to highlight multi-objective optimization frameworks balancing strength, durability, and sustainability. Advanced enhancement techniques, including nanomaterial incorporation (nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3, CNTs) and fiber reinforcement systems, are examined for their contribution to nucleation control, matrix densification, crack-bridging mechanisms, and fracture resistance. Durability performance under aggressive environments—sulphate attack, chloride penetration, carbonation, and elevated temperatures—is critically assessed alongside life-cycle environmental benefits and embodied CO2 reduction potential. Comparative benchmarking with high-strength OPC concrete demonstrates that HPGC offers competitive or superior mechanical and durability performance while significantly reducing clinker dependency. However, challenges related to precursor variability, standardization, long-term field validation, and large-scale implementation remain. This review establishes a microstructure–performance–sustainability framework for next-generation geopolymer systems and identifies research directions necessary for transitioning HPGC from laboratory-scale innovation to widespread structural application.
This review examines recent advances in semi-analytical and hybrid solution methodologies for nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equation (ODE/PDE) systems. Its primary focus is on the Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM), the Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM), and the Akbari–Ganji Method (AGM). These approaches are categorized as semi-analytical because they combine analytical series expansions with iterative or numerical steps to obtain approximate solutions. Thereby occupying an intermediate position between fully analytical methods (i.e. exact closed-form solutions) and fully numerical techniques. The discussion systematically addresses their theoretical properties, including convergence behavior, computational requirements, and the role of hybrid extensions. Selected engineering applications are highlighted, with emphasis on nonlinear oscillators, heat transfer systems, biosensor modeling, and reaction–diffusion problems. A comparative assessment of strengths, limitations, and failure scenarios (e.g. stiffness, slow convergence) is provided to guide method selection. This study presents a structured synthesis that identifies problem classes, recommends appropriate solution methods, and highlights scenarios in which hybrid strategies can enhance stability and computational efficiency. Overall, this review provides researchers with a practical framework for selecting and applying semi-analytical methods to solve nonlinear problems efficiently.
Acinetobacter baumannii is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections and is classified by the World Health Organization as a critical priority pathogen due to its rapidly increasing antibiotic resistance. Although numerous studies have reported its prevalence and treatment strategies, a comprehensive review till date is lacking. This review aims to analyze the global prevalence, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns, associated infections, and resistance genes of A. baumannii reported between 2015 and 2026. A global rise in multidrug-resistant and carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii has been observed, particularly in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. Extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant strains are increasingly reported in China, Iran, Greece, and Eastern Europe, with resistance rates exceeding 90
