In the study of retinal morphogenesis of chicken embryos, conducted on the 14th, 17th and 20th days of incubation, the thickness of various retina layers in the left and right eyes was analyzed. Histological analysis of retinal development in chicken embryos demonstrated the consistent formation and organization of cellular structures which represent three neuronal circuits: photoreceptor, medium-associative and ganglion elements. During the embryonic development, on the 14th, 17th and 20th days of incubation, a significant change in the thickness and morphological organization of these layers was observed. Those changes reflected the complex processes of neurogenesis and cellular differentiation, ensuring that the retina was ready to perform visual functions after the chick hatching. This study of morphological changes of the eyeball retina of chicken embryos on the 14th, 17th and 20th incubation days revealed significant differences at various stages of development.
The article considers the issues of balanced functioning of urbanized territories (including urban environments) as objects of social ecology. The aim of this work is to analyze the current state of the urban environment in terms of noise pollution and the creation of thematic environmental maps of urban noise pollution. Using statistical methods, the authors justified the need for such maps and identified the main problems arising in their development. It was empirically confirmed that noise pollution has significantly increased across Russia against the backdrop of a steady growth in urban population. The experience of Russian developers of noise pollution maps was analyzed, showing how these maps can help in creating a comfortable living environment. The medical-ecological approach and statistical data analysis revealed a correlation between noise pollution in urbanized areas and negative social consequences for the population living in these areas. These consequences include not only an increase in diseases, such as cardiovascular and nervous system disorders, but also a general reduction in active life years. A unique aspect of the study is the approach to the problem from the perspective of creating spaces with positive soundscapes in urban environments and reflecting these on noise pollution maps. The necessity of such research is driven by the specifics of human adaptive mechanisms, which are unable to quickly adjust to changes in the environment. The conclusion is made that to mitigate the impact of noise pollution on the physical and psychological state of individuals, it is necessary to change the pattern of urban development towards an expanded understanding of functional zoning in urban areas.
The purpose of this work was to study the species composition and population dynamics of some codling moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in orchards of Velikoluksky district of the Pskov region, Pushkinsky district of St. Petersburg and Luga district of the Leningrad region during the vegetation seasons in 2022–2023. The results of study of the range expansion, the number of generations of dominant pest species, and the influence of meteorological factors on the moth flight are presented. The pheromone monitoring was used in this work, i.e. pheromone traps with synthetic sex pheromones of five moth species: Cydia pyrivora (Danil.), Cydia pomonella L., Pammene rhediella (Clerck), Grapholita funebrana Tr. and Grapholita molesta (Busck). As a result of the research, C. pyrivora was firstly discovered in the Pskov region, being absent in traps in the Leningrad region. P. rhediella was found only in the experimental orchard of the Pushkinsky district, C. pomonella and G. funebrana were mass pest species in two regions, and G. molesta was not registered.
товарная аквакультура в России имеет огромное значение и большие перспективы, при этом наша страна во многом превосходит остальные страны по объему водных ресурсов. В настоящей статье был проведен анализ текущей ситуации в области товарной аквакультуры на примере Ленинградской области. Были оценены показатели объема выращивания и реализации товарной аквакультуры, динамика количества предприятий, работающих в этой сфере. Было выявлено, что показатели объемы выращивания товарной аквакультуры и ее реализации до 2023 г. увеличиваются, однако в 2023 г. была отмечена отрицательная динамика. Также рассматривались меры государственной поддержки отрасли товарной аквакультуры как на федеральном, так и на региональном уровнях. Выявлено, что объем государственной поддержки в отрасли привел к улучшению основных отраслевых показателей в сфере товарной аквакультуры. Кроме того, выявлены основные проблемы отрасли, дан прогноз дальнейшего развития товарной аквакультуры в Ленинградской области. commercial aquaculture in Russia is of great importance and has great prospects; our country in many ways surpasses other countries in terms of water resources. This article analyzes the current situation in the field of commercial aquaculture using the Leningrad Region as an example. The indicators of the volume of cultivation and sale of commercial aquaculture, the dynamics of the number of enterprises operating in this area were assessed. Thus, it was found that the indicators of the volume of cultivation of commercial aquaculture and sales up to 2023 are increasing, but in 2023, negative dynamics were noted. Measures of state support for the commercial aquaculture industry were also considered, both at the federal and regional levels. It was found that the volume of state support in the industry led to an improvement in the main industry indicators in the field of commercial aquaculture. In addition, the main problems of the industry were identified, and a forecast was given for the further development of commercial aquaculture in the Leningrad Region.
The article presents morphometric studies of eyeballs and crystalline lens of chicken embryos from the 4th to the 20th day of incubation in rostro-caudal and dorsoventral directions. At early stages of development, slight differences in the diameters of the right and left eyeballs were observed, which gradually decreased, reaching synchronous development by the end of incubation. In the rostro-caudal direction, the size of the right eyeball exceeded the left one by 25% on the 4th day, decreasing to 1.9% by the 20th day. Significant differences were observed on the 16th and 19th day (p<0.05...0.01). In the dorsoventral direction, the difference between the right and left eyeballs was 9.4% on the 6th day, stabilizing at 1.8-1.9% by the 18th-20th day. Significant differences were noted on the 6th (p<0.05) and 18th-20th (p<0.01) days. The lens size in the rostrocaudal direction showed a maximum deviation of 33.3% on the 4th day and a minimum of 5.9% on the 20th day. Significant differences between the right and left lens were found only on the 9th day (p<0.01), 18-19th day (p<0.01) of incubation in the dorsoventral direction the difference between the right and left lens ranged from 7.7% to 25.0% in the early stages (4-9 days), decreasing to 4.2% by the 20th day. No significant differences were found. The studies showed that the sizes of the eyeballs and crystalline lens increased in a regular manner during the incubation period, with the right eye and crystalline lens being slightly larger than the left throughout the developmental period. The size of the lens increased in proportion to the growth of the eyeballs. We noted intensive growth during the transition to the early fruiting stage of development.
