State University of Surabaya

Background & objective: Small-sided games (SSGs) are widely used in football because they manipulate player numbers, playing area, rules, while preserving key features of match play. However, evidence linking SSG implementation to ball progression during elite competition remains limited when SSGs are embedded in a real-world preparation programme rather than imposed experimentally. This study examined the correspondence between SSG implementation and ball progression performance in the East Java Provincial Football Team during the 2024 National Sports Week (PON XXI). Materials & Methods: A quantitative ex post facto performance-analysis design was used. Official training documentation, match recordings, match statistics, were reviewed. The performance dataset comprised three PON matches against Papua Pegunungan, West Java, and Aceh. SSG implementation was characterised by player-number modification, playing-area manipulation, game constraints, intensity, and training objectives. Ball progression was assessed using passing accuracy, attacking-third passes, successful progressive passes, through passes, and chances created. Descriptive statistics were used because the available dataset did not support a valid participant-level inferential model. STROBE was used as the reporting framework. Results: Across the three analysed matches, possession ranged from 31% to 47% and passing accuracy from 63.46% to 72.87%. Successful progressive passes ranged from 19 to 40, successful attacking-third passes from 80 to 115, and chances created from 2 to 7. Progressive passing and through passes were present in all three matches. Training documentation showed consistent alignment between SSG characteristics and observed attacking indicators; however, no causal or statistically significant contribution estimate could be established. Conclusions: In this elite provincial-team case, SSG implementation was consistently accompanied by progressive passing and attacking-third progression across different match contexts. The international contribution is applied and methodological: naturally implemented, representative game-based training can be examined alongside competitive performance while separating correspondence from causal effectiveness. Controlled longitudinal studies are needed to estimate effect magnitude and mechanisms.

Background & objective: Vault performance in women’s artistic gymnastics requires the coordinated organization of high-velocity movement across successive phases, from the approach run to the second flight. Previous biomechanical research has frequently examined individual variables in isolation, whereas phase-specific coordination across the complete vault sequence remains less explored using accessible video-based methods. This study aimed to explore phase-specific kinematic characteristics and inter-phase movement organization among selected female artistic gymnasts competing at Olympic/international and national levels. Materials & Methods: An exploratory multiple-case study design was employed using retrospective video-based biomechanical analysis. Five female gymnasts were analyzed, comprising three Olympic/international-level and two national-level athlete-performance cases. Publicly available competition footage was analyzed frame-by-frame using Kinovea motion-analysis software. Eleven kinematic variables were examined across the run-up, first-flight, repulsion, and second-flight phases, including run-up speed, hip and bilateral knee angles, hand-contact duration, bilateral elbow angles, second-flight elevation, flight duration, and bilateral knee angles. Descriptive statistics were calculated using means, standard deviations, minimums, maximums, and between-group mean differences. Intra-rater measurement reliability was assessed using ICC(2,1), 95% confidence intervals, SEM, MDC95, and Bland–Altman agreement analysis. Results: The national-level cases demonstrated higher mean run-up speed (7.95 ± 2.62 vs. 7.47 ± 2.23 m/s) and second-flight elevation (2.95 ± 0.03 vs. 2.57 ± 0.21 m). Olympic/international cases demonstrated greater first-flight knee extension, particularly in the right knee (175.17 ± 1.85 vs. 154.75 ± 1.20°), and slightly longer second-flight duration (0.89 ± 0.10 vs. 0.84 ± 0.09 s). All repeated kinematic measurements demonstrated excellent intra-rater reliability, with ICC values ranging from 0.997 to 1.000. Conclusions: The findings indicate that vault execution cannot be adequately characterized by a single kinematic variable. The international contribution of this study lies in proposing a phase-integrated video-analysis perspective in which approach velocity, body configuration, table interaction, and second-flight organization are interpreted as interconnected components of vault technique. The findings provide preliminary biomechanical evidence for future standardized and three-dimensional investigations of inter-phase movement coordination.

Buton rock asphalt (RA) majority composed of a mixture of calcite and petroleum-like material that is abundantly available in Buton, Indonesia. Direct pyrolysis of RA reveals the catalytic role of calcite in efficiently transforming the fused aromatic rings of asphaltene in RA into diesel-range hydrocarbons. Pyrolysis at 400 degrees C for 180 min produced a 74% liquid product yield, significantly higher than that obtained from pyrolysis of decalcified RA (22.9%), or decalcified RA using commercial CaCO3 (34.2%). The resulting liquid hydrocarbon contains 70.30% diesel fraction, 25.72% heavy oil, and 3.98% gasoline, and exhibits a higher cetane number (69) than commercial diesel fuel. These findings highlight the importance of strong calcite/asphaltene interactions for efficient heat transfer during hydro-dearomatization of aromatic rings. Furthermore, the high thermal stability and strong basicity of calcite catalyze the cracking process into diesel-range hydrocarbons. This study offers a roadmap for the efficient conversion of low-quality Buton rock asphalt into high-quality diesel fuel through direct pyrolysis at 400 degrees C.

Soft robotic grippers are increasingly prominent in surgical robotics, offering a compliant and adaptable alternative to rigid instruments for manipulating biological tissue with reduced force concentration, thereby enhancing safety in minimally invasive surgery (MIS). This systematic review assesses the development and implementation of these technologies in medical contexts, focusing on actuation methods, sensor integration, artificial intelligence (AI)-based control, and clinical outcomes. The analysis highlights adaptive performance, particularly in tasks requiring precision grasping, retraction, or manipulation of dynamic tissue. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines, this review includes 24 peer-reviewed articles published between 2013 and 2025. Key findings reveal widespread adoption of pneumatic, tendon-driven, and hybrid actuators with embedded tactile sensors for force feedback. The application of advanced materials such as silicone elastomers, hydrogels, and shape-memory alloys has enhanced compliance and biocompatibility. Moreover, integrating deep learning and reinforcement learning algorithms has improved autonomous control and decision-making capabilities across variable surgical environments. The review identifies ongoing challenges, including standardizing sterilization protocols, achieving consistent real-time feedback, and integrating soft systems with established surgical platforms, such as the da Vinci robot. Soft robotic grippers have demonstrated reduced tissue trauma, improved ergonomic adaptability, and accelerated post-operative recovery in simulation and experimental studies. Emerging applications include remote surgery, AI-assisted suturing, and advanced tissue manipulation enabled by hybrid gripper designs. Soft robotic grippers represent a significant advancement in surgical safety, precision, and automation, supporting the development of intelligent medical instruments. This development is currently being explored in surgical applications, highlighting its current state of advancement and implementation.

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has emerged as a promising route for scalable graphene fabrication; however, most reported studies rely on infrared laser sources, limiting the accessibility and cost efficiency. This study demonstrates the fabrication of laser-induced graphene on polyimide substrates using a compact continuous 450 nm blue diode laser, a visible-wavelength source that remains largely unexplored for LIG synthesis. By systematically varying laser current, scan speed, and focal position, a reproducible processing window is established, enabling controlled graphitization while preserving substrate integrity. Morphological, structural, and spectroscopic analyses confirmed the successful conversion of polyimide into porous graphene with high carbon content and tunable electrical conductivity. Raman spectroscopy revealed characteristic D, G, and 2D bands, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis further verifies the crystalline features of the LIG. Sheet resistance measurements showed optimal electrical performance within a moderate laser current regime. The resulting LIG was further evaluated as a binder-free supercapacitor electrode, demonstrating promising electrochemical performance. These results highlight the potential of visible-wavelength diode lasers as an economical and scalable alternative for LIG fabrication, expanding the accessible laser parameter space for graphene-based flexible electronic and sensor applications.