Surendranath College is an undergraduate college affiliated to the University of Calcutta, in Kolkata, India. It was founded in 1884 by the nationalist leader and scholar Surendranath Banerjee.The Women's section of the college was founded in 1931 by Mira Datta Gupta, its first Principal.For much of its history it was known as Ripon College, named for the British Viceroy Lord Ripon, but in 1948–1949, it was renamed for its founder. Swami Vivekananda delivered his first address in Calcutta from the rostrum of this college on his return from Chicago after his famous deliverance at the Parliament of the World's Religions.It's a NAAC B+ grade accredited college (2017).
Defects in various layers of solar cells play an important role in determining the characteristics of such devices. Different types of defects such as acceptor type in Cu2O layer, donor type in TiO2 layer and neutral type on the interface (Cu2O/TiO2) have been considered to simulate the proposed solar cell with the help of SCAPS-1D software. Results obtained from this simulation show that output parameters like short circuit current density (J(SC)), open circuit voltage (V-OC), fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) significantly depend on the defect density and its properties. Appropriate selection of defect density of corresponding layers may improve the device performance. Moreover, different back contact metals (Cu, Ag, Fe, Nb, Mo, Ni, Au, Pt) have been taken step by step during simulation for understanding the effects of such back contacts. It is observed that solar cell gives better results when Ni (5.22 eV) acts as back contact.
We investigate a well-motivated Trilinear Lepton Number Violating Supersymmetric model with both LLE and LQD couplings to account for neutrino oscillation data. Our analysis includes neutrino mass splittings, mixing angles from oscillation data, and additional experimental constraints such as the Higgs mass, coupling modifiers, and low-energy flavor-violating observables. To achieve a good fit, we conduct a chi-square-based likelihood analysis using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). We explore scenarios with different lightest supersymmetric particles (LSPs), specifically bino-LSP and stop-LSP, to constrain the model’s viable parameter space. Finally, we evaluate the capability of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) to probe these parameter regions.
Recurrent infestations reduce yield and quality in Indian tea cultivation. Early visual symptoms under field conditions are often obscured by low light, high humidity, and leaf occlusion, limiting the reliability of conventional vision-based classifiers to controlled settings. Diverse field environments further degrade performance and constrain deployment on standard edge hardware. The multimodal, edge-optimised framework integrates RGB pest imagery with real-time environmental data for robust on-site monitoring . A hybrid CNN–Transformer backbone captures fine pest-specific textures and long-range contextual cues, while an attention-driven fusion layer adaptively incorporates temperature, humidity, and illumination signals. A key contribution is the custom dual-mode edge hardware , integrating dedicated CNN and Transformer accelerators with sensor co-processors. Hierarchical on-chip SRAM buffers reduce memory energy by \(200\times\) , supported by energy-aware scheduling. The system enables offline solar-powered inference in connectivity-limited settings and cloud-assisted synchronisation for periodic model updates. The dataset comprises 1,520 field-collected pest images , augmented to 7,600 samples across five classes . Environmental conditioning preserves 85.5% accuracy under combined perturbations, whereas unimodal inference degrades to 77.9% (approximately 15% error reduction). Hardware–algorithm co-design confines inference latency to 25 ms with 0.12 J energy per inference. Energy consumption remains 60% lower than Jetson Nano deployment. The formulation demonstrates that deployment-aware multimodal conditioning stabilises agricultural edge inference under energy, latency, and environmental constraints.
In this study, FTO/ZnO/CdS/Si/Mo heterojunction solar cell has been simulated through SCAPS-1D software taking into account the role of different back contact metals, temperature and back surface field on the solar cell performance. Iron (Fe), Niobium (Nb), Molybdenum (Mo) and Gold (Au) metals have been used as back contact to study the effect of them on the cell characteristics. On the other hand, temperature is varied from 280 K to 400 K to examine the effect of it. Besides, a heavily doped p(+) Si layer has been inserted between back contact and absorber layer to create back surface field (BSF). It is observed that short circuit current density (JSC), open circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the cell remarkably increase to 32. 43 mA/cm(2), 0.5915 V, 76.68% and 14.71% respectively as Mo replaces other back contact metals. It is further noticed that the values of these parameters are respectively enhanced to 32.80 mA/cm(2), 0.5927 V, 76.87% and 14.95% in the case of BSF solar cell. Moreover, JSC increases and V(OC )decreases as the operating temperature changes from smaller to larger values. Finally, based on the simulation results optimum values of the proposed solar the cell parameters have been reported.
This review explores the practical aspects of academic research, covering methodologies, challenges, and innovations. It examines traditional and emerging research methods, emphasizing interdisciplinary approaches for addressing complex scientific questions. Ethical concerns, including plagiarism, authorship disputes, and research integrity, are discussed to highlight moral responsibilities. The paper explores collaboration's role in fostering innovation through interdisciplinary, industry, and international partnerships. Publication practices, including peer review, citation metrics, and open access, are analyzed to understand their impact on researchers' careers. The growing role of technology in data collection, analysis, and dissemination is also examined. Key challenges such as time management, funding acquisition, and institutional barriers are discussed. By offering a holistic view of academic research, this paper provides valuable insights for early-career researchers navigating today's evolving research landscape.
