Sripat Singh College

Chemistry laboratories at undergraduate colleges play a vital role in teaching and research. These laboratories produce wastewaters containing hazardous substances, including strong acids, bases, heavy metals, and organic solvents. The disposal of untreated wastewater may pose risks to the environment and human well-being. This study aims to summarize types of laboratory wastewater, disposal practices, regulatory frameworks, and emerging sustainable alternatives. The emphasis was on low-cost, sustainable, and eco-friendly treatment strategies that could be easily adopted in undergraduate colleges with limited resources. This review highlights the need to integrate sustainable wastewater management practices into academic curricula to safeguard human and environmental health, ensure regulatory compliance, and support the broader goals of environmental sustainability. The integration of microscale experiments could considerably reduce the volume of hazardous liquid effluents. Deploying small-scale, on-site treatment facilities equipped with a combination of neutralization, precipitation, and filtration methods can serve as a preliminary decontamination step before final waste management options. Strengthening well-defined protocols for waste segregation, accompanied by methodical training for faculty members, students, and laboratory attendants, can emphasize secure laboratory practices. A coordinated approach involving policy initiatives, research advancements, and educational reforms will be a key to advancing eco-friendly and sustainable laboratory waste management practices across undergraduate institutions.

This review explores the practical aspects of academic research, covering methodologies, challenges, and innovations. It examines traditional and emerging research methods, emphasizing interdisciplinary approaches for addressing complex scientific questions. Ethical concerns, including plagiarism, authorship disputes, and research integrity, are discussed to highlight moral responsibilities. The paper explores collaboration's role in fostering innovation through interdisciplinary, industry, and international partnerships. Publication practices, including peer review, citation metrics, and open access, are analyzed to understand their impact on researchers' careers. The growing role of technology in data collection, analysis, and dissemination is also examined. Key challenges such as time management, funding acquisition, and institutional barriers are discussed. By offering a holistic view of academic research, this paper provides valuable insights for early-career researchers navigating today's evolving research landscape.

The study addresses depth dependent arsenic, and microbial (coliform) contamination of groundwater in the shallow aquifers of Chakdah block of the Bengal Delta Plain, an issue of undeniable public health significance. Groundwater samples were collected from six gram panchayats in the Chakdah block, Nadia district, India to estimate the dissolved ions, total and fecal coliform. The risk associated with groundwater use pattern from six sites was analyzed by the sanitary risk score and the fecal coliform score. Dissolved arsenic levels in the groundwater ranges from 0.069 to 0.178 mgL−1 (Mean: 0.119 mgL−1). The primary anion detected was HCO3− (Mean: 222 mgL−1), followed by Cl− (Mean: 21 mgL−1), SO42− (Mean: 8.96 mgL−1) and PO43− (Mean: 2.26 mgL−1). Chloride varies significantly (up to 147 mgL−1), indicating local anthropogenic sources of pollution. Groundwater sources near surface water bodies ( 2–3 m) have high total and fecal coliform count. Coliform count varies seasonally in groundwater and shows higher count during post-monsoon season. The fecal coliform count at all sites ranged from 10 to 100/100 mL of groundwater. According to sanitary risk analysis, the monitored tube wells could be categorized as very high risk-25.0

Presently, compartmental epidemic models are widely employed to analyze the dynamic behavior of infectious diseases and to propose effective preventive and control measures. However, many studies have been done on fixed or precisely defined parameter values, which may not accurately represent real-world scenarios. In real situations, model parameters often vary due to factors such as changes in human immunity, the genomes of disease pathogens, climatic fluctuations, situation-dependent treatment, and varying vaccination rates. Such a changing nature of parameter values is known as impreciseness in parameter values. To study the effect of the changing nature of parameter values on disease dynamics, we have developed and studied a $SIR$ (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered class) model incorporating both vaccination and treatment controls within an environment of interval imprecision. To address parameter uncertainty within intervals, we have proposed a linear parametric approach for modeling interval-valued parameters. We have rigorously investigated the positivity and boundedness of model solutions and determined the basic reproduction number $R_0(s)$ using the next-generation matrix approach, where $s$ represents the interval parameter. Furthermore, we have analyzed the local stability, global stability, and bifurcation of equilibrium points of the developed system. Our findings reveal that when values of $s$ are low, indicating low levels of disease transmission rate, the result is a nearly disease-free system where neither vaccination nor treatment control is necessary. Additionally, we have demonstrated that relying solely on either vaccination or treatment is insufficient to control the epidemic. Through our analysis, we have identified the necessity for a comprehensive control policy for the disease.

Global warming poses significant concerns of rising temperatures that may lead to significant yield reduction in agricultural crops. Seeds of legume crops, in particular, are highly vulnerable to high temperatures and heat stress. High temperatures during the flowering and pod-forming stage are responsible for a reasonable drop in the quality and quantity of legume seeds. This review provides insights into the negative impact of heat stress on legume crops and the strategies to mitigate the same. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures has been negatively influences various physiological and biochemical processes in legume crops like leaf RWC (relative water content), stomatal conductance, photosynthetic machinery, ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation, source-sink relations, plant growth regulators, phenology, and reproductive biology. However, various approaches are being practiced to mitigate the harmful effects of heat stress on legume crops like exogenous application of macro and micronutrients, adopting relay cropping and normal sowing time, promoting conventional breeding techniques, adopting mutation breeding, and using genetic engineering technology to transform the plants. In order to improve heat tolerance in legume crops, future research should focus on uncovering the underlying genetic, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms that enable the crop to tolerate high temperatures.