The Swiss Federal Archives (German: Schweizerisches Bundesarchiv, French: Archives fédérales suisses) are the national archives of Switzerland. Additionally, the cantons have official archives of their own. The building and its collections are a Swiss heritage site of national significance.In 2018 the archives held over 66,000 linear meters of printed documents and 20.7 terabytes of digital documents. The archives have a permanent staff of 57.8 full-time equivalent and a budget of 19.2 million CHF. The archives are governed by the Federal Act on Archiving. The Federal Archives were created in 1798 following the creation of the Helvetic Republic. Under the republic, the archives moved whenever the seat of government moved. With the creation of the Federal State in 1848 the archives became part of the Federal Chancellery and found a home in Bern in the town hall. The first federal archivist was Johann Jakob Meyer, who was appointed in 1849. In the second half of the 19th century, the archives moved to the western wing of the Parliament building. In 1868 the second chief archivist, Jakob Kaiser, was appointed. Over the following years he persuaded Parliament to purchase land across the Aare river in the Kirchenfeld district and build the current archive building. The building was built in 1896-99 by Theodor Gohl in the Renaissance Revival style.In 1914 the archives are officially designated as the Bundesarchiv or Federal Archives. In the same year its first typewriter was installed. On 9 May 1944 the Federal Council approves the first regulations making all records in the archive which are at least 50 years old available to the public without restriction. In 1963 the first microfilm reader was installed, followed by a copier in 1965. On 15 July 1966 new regulations regarding the archives retained the 50 year limit, but made exceptions for academic research. In 1973 the 50 year limit was shortened to 35 years and in 1998 it was again reduced to 30 years..
The genus Ptilodontella Kiriakoff, 1967 (the type species Bombyx cucullina Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) has been separated from the synonymy with the genus Ptilodon Hübner, 1822 (the type species Phalaena camelina Linnaeus, 1758) and reinstated as a distinct genus (stat. rev.) based on differences in male and female genitalia. Additionally, a new species, Ptilodontella albertisp. n., has been described from the Greater and Lesser Caucasus and the Pontic Mountains spanning northern Turkey, with the type locality in the Republic of South Ossetia. This new species differs from its close relatives Ptilodontella cucullina (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) comb. rev. and Ptilodontella saerdabensis (Daniel, 1938) comb. n. in the shape of antennal rami and the genitalia of both sexes. Variability in wing patterns among species is demonstrated and is regarded as an unreliable feature for distinguishing the three species. The distribution boundary between the new species and P. cucullina lies between the lowland Pontic steppe and the foothills of the Greater Caucasus, while the boundary between the new species and P. saerdabensis is situated between the Lesser Caucasus and the Alborz Mountains. None of these species are found to fly sympatrically.
Today, selection of the optimal treatment method in patients with the early-stage primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) remains an urgent problem of ophthalmology. There are various approaches to treating such patients, including the use of topical therapy and laser treatments. The study aimed to assess the hypotensive effect and clinical and functional outcomes of the simultaneous combined laser treatment, including YAG-LAT and the subsequent one-time SLT in the same localization zones, in patients with the newly diagnosed early-stage POAG and moderately elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). The study included 100 eyes with stage I POAG, which were divided into two groups: group I - 50 eyes before and after YAG-LAT and SLT; group II-50 eyes that underwent SLT only. The follow-up period was 12 months. In patients of groups I and II, a decrease in IOP by 28 and 30.5% relative to the baseline IOP was reported at 1 month, and by 32.2 and 32% at 3 months, respectively. The intergroup difference in the extent of IOP decrease at 1 and 3 months was non-significant (o > 0.05). There was still good hypotensive effect, up to 29.3% of the preoperative value, 12 months after YAG-LAT and SLT. Twelve months after SLT, the hypotensive effect was 17%. The intergroup difference in the extent of IOP decrease at 12 months was significant (o < 0.05). Glaucoma stabilization was reported in groups I and II, but in group II, antihypertensive therapy was required in 63% of cases. The simultaneous combined laser treatment technology (YAG-LAT and SLT) showed a pronounced, persistent hypotensive effect and glaucoma stabilization when used for treatment of the newly diagnosed early-stage POAG.
Legume-based foods are increasingly promoted as sustainable protein sources, yet their safety profile remains insufficiently characterised, particularly regarding the co-occurrence of multiple natural toxins. This study investigated the occurrence of regulated mycotoxins, emerging mycotoxins, and tropane alkaloids in 132 legume-based products collected in Italy and Thailand, including raw legumes, flours and pasta, and snacks. Samples were analysed for 42 compounds using a validated UHPLC–MS/MS multi-analyte method. Overall, 48% of samples were contaminated by at least one toxin, with snacks representing the most affected category in both countries. Distinct contamination patterns emerged: Italian products showed a higher occurrence of regulated mycotoxins and tropane alkaloids, including detections in organic products, whereas Thai samples were dominated by emerging mycotoxins, particularly beauvericin and fusaric acid. Peanut-based products from Thailand included cases exceeding EU maximum limits for aflatoxins. Co-occurrence of multiple toxins was frequent, especially in processed products, highlighting the relevance of cumulative exposure scenarios. Dietary exposure assessment identified legume-based snacks as the main contributors to exposure, driven by frequent consumption and multi-toxin presence. While estimated exposures to most compounds remained below established health-based guidance values, aflatoxins emerged as critical risk drivers in specific scenarios, particularly for high consumers. These findings demonstrate that emerging mycotoxins substantially contribute to the contamination profile of legume-based foods and are not adequately addressed by current regulatory frameworks. The results support the need to expand surveillance and risk assessment strategies beyond regulated mycotoxins to ensure the safety of rapidly growing legume-based food systems.
Abstract The surface of parts produced by directed energy deposition (DED) often requires postprocessing, especially for tooling applications. This study investigates ball burnishing (BB) and machine hammer peening (MHP) for improving surface roughness and hardness of components manufactured by laser metal deposition (LMD), a widely used DED process. Two metallic powders, 316L-Si stainless steel and Ferro55 tool steel, are deposited and evaluated. Two single-layer geometries are manufactured: single tracks (1D) and square areas (2D). Single-track specimens are used to examine local effects on cross-sectional profiles. BB is performed with a 6.3 mm ball at pressures of 100, 250, and 400 bar. MHP is conducted with an 8 mm ball at different impact energies of 30, 70, and 120 mJ. The same postprocessing parameters are applied to the 2D areas. In addition, the influence of track distance is evaluated by applying three relative tool-path overlaps, 30%, 55%, and 80% of the tool indentation. Surface roughness, hardness, and geometric deformation (e.g., flattening or distortion) are analyzed for all postprocessed samples. The results show that the two processes generate different material-dependent surface responses within the investigated parameter windows. In 316L-Si, BB produces a clear pressure-dependent response, resulting in pronounced roughness reduction and near-surface hardening. MHP also improves the areal surface quality of 316L-Si, particularly when high overlap is applied. In Ferro55, the overall roughness reduction is more limited because of the higher hardness and lower plastic deformability of the material. Nevertheless, repeated impact loading under MHP promotes measurable areal smoothing at high overlap. Because BB and MHP differ in tool geometry, loading mode, and energy transfer, the results are interpreted as process-window-specific material responses rather than as a direct ranking of the two methods. The relationship between 1D and 2D measurements shows that single-track experiments are useful for identifying local deformation trends but cannot directly predict the final areal surface quality, especially for MHP.
