Tadulako University

Background: The rapid integration of digital technologies in secondary education has transformed English as a Foreign Language instruction, yet effective implementation remains uneven and highly contextual. While prior studies often focus on access or technological competence, less attention has been given to how teachers adapt pedagogically within real classroom conditions, particularly in regional Indonesian contexts. Aims: This study investigates how EFL teachers adapt their instructional practices in technology integrated classrooms, examining forms of implementation, contextual factors influencing adaptation, and teachers’ perceptions of instructional effectiveness. Methods: A qualitative multiple site case study was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Palu and SMA Alkhairaat Palu in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Ten EFL teachers were selected through purposeful sampling. Data were collected through semi structured interviews and classroom observations between March and May 2025. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis following Braun and Clarke’s six phase framework, integrating inductive coding with theoretically informed interpretation. Results: The findings indicate that technology integration operates as a dynamic process of pedagogical negotiation rather than linear adoption. Teachers reorganized lesson structures, modified digital tasks in response to classroom contingencies, and recalibrated instructional decisions when facing infrastructural limitations. Professional experience influenced adaptive flexibility, with more experienced teachers demonstrating greater capacity for instructional redesign. Although digital tools enhanced student engagement, their effectiveness depended on deliberate scaffolding and pedagogical orchestration. Implications: This study advances a process-oriented understanding of pedagogical adaptation in technology-mediated EFL classrooms. The findings underscore the centrality of teacher agency and reflective judgment in sustaining meaningful digital learning environments. Professional development initiatives should therefore prioritize adaptive expertise and pedagogical reasoning rather than technical skill acquisition alone.

Despite growing interest in South African medicinal plants, advanced metabolomic workflows that integrate positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI−) ionization modes in UPLC-MS/MS remain sparsely applied to South African flora, and especially to Acorus calamus and Lippia javanica species. Herein, application of a dual-polarity (positive (ESI+) and negative (ESI−) ionization modes) using an untargeted UPLC–MS/MS workflow, integrated with HEK293T cytotoxicity screening, to map their metabolomes, and rank potential signature metabolites for targeted antiviral follow-up. SwissADME supported in silico drug-likeness. Neither plant extract was cytotoxic across the concentration range, with absorbance-based cell viability of 73.82% for L. javanica and 77.23% for A. calamus at 250 µg/mL, and fluorescence-based cell viability ≥59.87% and ≥55.89%, respectively. Dual-polarity expanded coverage with ESI− yielded 312 features, compared with 225 with ESI+, consistent with the predominance of acidic phenolics in plant species. Unsupervised and supervised models segregated the plant species (PCA PC1/PC2 variance: ESI+ 89.4%/3.0%; ESI− 93.5%/1.8%; R2X(cum) = 0.799). Differential analysis identified 118 significant features in ESI+ with 80 up-regulated, 38 down-regulated, and 139 in ESI− with 96 up-regulated, 43 down-regulated. The ESI− showed the wider dynamic range. Chemotypes enriched among significant metabolites include flavonols of 3-O-methylkaempferol, apigenin, and conjugates of Pollenin A, iridoid glycosides of oleoside, forsythoside B, and jasmonate-pathway oxylipins of 7-epi-12-hydroxyjasmonic acid and its glucoside. These also include caryoptosidic acid and catechin-7-glucoside, which are ionized in both modes, pinning the increase in biomarker robustness. In conclusion, a dual-mode UPLC–MS/MS approach, integrated with cytotoxicity exploration, delivers a complementary metabolome coverage and a safety awareness for shortlisting of potential signature metabolites from L. javanica and A. calamus. Moreover, in vitro inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 papain-like protease (PLpro) by these plants links chemical signatures to antiviral relevance. Shortlisted significant metabolites that demonstrated favorable drug-likeness include flavonol scaffolds of 3-O-methylkaempferol, Pollenin A, and jasmonate-pathway derivatives of 7-epi-12-hydroxyjasmonic acid. Moreover, the dual ionization mode may eliminate ionization bias, broaden metabolome coverage, and yield a mechanism-ready shortlist of metabolites from South African medicinal plants for downstream antiviral investigation.

This study aims to analyze teachers' scaffolding strategies in implementing pop-up books as a medium for developing emergent literacy skills among children aged 5–6 years at PAUD Al-Husna, Cimarga District, Lebak Regency. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach with 16 participants consisting of the school principal, two classroom teachers, and 13 children aged 5–6 years, conducted over a period of six months. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, and were analyzed using the interactive Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña model, which includes data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that teachers applied five main strategies: lesson planning, interactive storytelling, questioning, retelling, and reinforcement and evaluation. After one semester of implementation, all observed literacy indicators improved from the fair/poor category to the good/very good category; specifically, 80% of children were able to name the main character, 75% could explain the story sequence in a simple way, and 70% could convey the story's moral message during retelling activities. These findings confirm that pop-up books are effective as a literacy learning medium when supported by well-planned, interactive teaching strategies aligned with the developmental characteristics of early childhood learners. This study offers practical implications for ECE teachers to integrate interactive, media-based scaffolding strategies into literacy instruction, and serves as a reference for curriculum developers and policymakers in designing teacher-competency programs and providing adequate literacy media in ECE institutions.

In this study, acid leaching is used to extract rare earth elements (REEs) from monazite concentrate obtained from alluvial gold mining tailings. Then, precipitation and calcination were carried out as subsequent steps to recover REEs in oxide form. The process of applying hydrochloric acid (HCl), nitric acid (HNO3), and their mixtures, both with and without 10 % (v/v) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), was varied in terms of temperature, acid concentration, and contact time to evaluate optimal leaching conditions. The mixed acid system of HNO3/HCl with H2O2 had the highest leaching efficiency compared to the single acid condition, achieving 93 % REEs dissolution under optimal conditions. Additionally, this mixed acid system demonstrated better solubility potential, as assessed by thermodynamics, compared to the single acid condition. The results of the leaching experiments were consistent with previous findings, supporting the efficient mixed acid method. With precipitation using 1.0 M oxalic acid, REEs were almost completely recovered from the wastewater, resulting in insoluble oxalate. Then, the precipitate was calcined for 120 min at a temperature of 700 degrees C, resulting in the formation of REEs oxide. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the phase and crystal structure of the final product, verifying the transformation. The XRD results showed the formation of light REEs oxides (LaO2, EuO2) and heavy REEs oxides (TbO2, YbO2, HoO2, and CeO2), indicating successful phase transformation during calcination. This comprehensive acid-leaching-precipitation-combustion method demonstrated a beneficial approach for recovering REEs from mining waste, resulting in significant economic and environmental advantages for resource utilization in Indonesia.

Regional Original Revenue (PAD) plays a vital role in ensuring regional fiscal independence, yet many local governments in Indonesia still rely heavily on central transfers. This study aims to analyze the role of the Government Internal Control Apparatus (APIP) and corruption control strategies in improving PAD, as well as to identify the most affected PAD components. Using a quantitative research method with local government data from 2022 and a total of 534 observations at the provincial, regency, and city levels, this study employs simple linear regression analysis. The findings reveal that the role of APIP and effective corruption control strategies significantly and positively affect the increase of PAD. Specifically, regional taxes and other legitimate local revenues show consistent improvement, while regional levies and segregated regional wealth management exhibit insignificant influence from the tested variables. These results underscore the importance of strengthening APIP’s supervisory function and implementing integrated anti-corruption measures to enhance accountability and optimize regional revenue management. The study concludes that effective internal control and corruption prevention are essential for fiscal independence, and recommends future research using multi-year panel data and moderation variables for deeper analysis.