Tashkent State University of Law (TSUL) is a public higher educational institution. It is one of the leading Uzbek legal research centers, located in the capital city Tashkent.The university is one of the leading universities in Uzbekistan, renowned as a national center of legal science and education, the prestige is widespread locally, extends far beyond the borders of the Republic, as well.In 2021, Tashkent State University of Law is ranked as one of the TOP-500 universities of the world by Times Higher Education.The university comprises twelve specialized and three general-studies departments, a center of professional legal training and career development based on international standards, a specialized branch for training and retraining of legal personnel in the sphere of crime prevention, public security and Academic Lyceum. Moreover, the university also provides methodological guidance and coordination of 14 professional law colleges that are part of the system of educational institutions of the Ministry of Justice of The Republic of Uzbekistan.The rector of the university is doctor of law Khakimov Rakhim Rasuljonovich.TSUL is under the authority of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Therefore, the rector of the university is the Deputy Minister of Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well..
Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly transformed artificial intelligence applications across industries, yet their integration into production systems has unveiled critical security vulnerabilities, chief among them prompt injection attacks. This comprehensive review synthesizes research from 2023 to 2025, analyzing 45 key sources, industry security reports, and documented real-world exploits. We examine the taxonomy of prompt injection techniques, including direct jailbreaking and indirect injection through external content. The rise of AI agent systems and the Model Context Protocol (MCP) has dramatically expanded attack surfaces, introducing vulnerabilities such as tool poisoning and credential theft. We document critical incidents including GitHub Copilot’s CVE-2025-53773 remote code execution vulnerability (CVSS 9.6) and ChatGPT’s Windows license key exposure. Research demonstrates that just five carefully crafted documents can manipulate AI responses 90% of the time through Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) poisoning. We propose PALADIN, a defense-in-depth framework implementing five protective layers. This review provides actionable mitigation strategies based on OWASP Top 10 for LLM Applications 2025, identifies fundamental limitations including the stochastic nature problem and alignment paradox, and proposes research directions for architecturally secure AI systems. Our analysis reveals that prompt injection represents a fundamental architectural vulnerability requiring defense-in-depth approaches rather than singular solutions.
The widespread contamination of water bodies with atrazine, a persistent herbicide, poses significant environmental and health risks, necessitating efficient treatment methods. In this study, Ni-doped Sr0.8−xBa0.2Fe2O4 (X = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol–gel method for the photocatalytic degradation of atrazine. XRD analysis confirmed the successful formation of the spinel ferrite structure, with crystallite sizes decreasing from 37.4391 to 24.506 nm upon Ni doping. FTIR spectroscopy revealed systematic shifts in metal–oxygen vibration bands, while BET analysis showed maximum surface area (31.54 m2/g) at x = 0.4. The band gap decreased from 2.19 to 1.95 eV with optimal Ni doping (x = 0.4), enhancing visible light absorption. Photodegradation studies demonstrated complete atrazine removal within 75 min using Ni0.4Sr0.4Ba0.2Fe2O4 under visible-light irradiation. The degradation efficiency was influenced by various parameters, including pH, catalyst dosage, temperature, and H2O2 concentration. The scavenger analysis identified hydroxyl radicals (HO*) as the primary active species in the degradation mechanism. The catalyst exhibited excellent recyclability and maintained 94.23
AI tools offer significant pedagogical and research benefits such as personalized learning, better student engagement, and support for teachers in classroom management. These tools also help researchers generate ideas, structure content, manage data, and maintain ethical standards. However, using AI raises questions about accuracy, reliability, and legal responsibility. This research explores the legal and practical implications of using AI tools in education and research. This study examines existing laws, regulations, and guidelines that govern AI use and identifies who is accountable for verifying AI-generated information. This paper is structured as a dual-component study. A quantitative empirical survey (n = 201 participants from 25 countries, with highly uneven geographic distribution and a predominantly student composition) was conducted, with most respondents being students engaged in degree programs. A regulatory analysis constitutes the policy-analytical component, examining existing legal frameworks and proposing normative governance recommendations. All findings reflect self-reported perceptions and behaviors. The findings show that nearly half of the participants use AI for part of their research, while one in five are unaware of any policies. This is a critical gap between institutional policy development and practice. The study's principal contribution is interdisciplinary adaptive legal frameworks that encourage innovation. It integrates empirical educational research, comparative legal analysis, and AI governance research within a single analytical framework. The findings further offer a methodologically grounded foundation for institutional policy development at the intersection of these three fields.
Achieving judicial fairness requires harmonizing legal texts with evolving societal realities. This research aims to explore the factors that enhance the fairness of judicial rulings by analyzing the interplay between abstract legal texts and practical reality. The method used involves a comparative analytical approach between modern legal systems and Islamic Sharia, supplemented by a review of judicial precedents. The results obtained indicate that legislative coherence and judicial discretion are critical for aligning rulings with justice objectives. Specifically, the study finds that rigid procedural adherence often undermines equity, whereas flexible interpretation grounded in contextual circumstances enhances fairness. Conclusions that can be drawn emphasize the necessity of developing legislative mechanisms that balance stability with equity, alongside promoting judicial transparency.
This article looks into the problems that come with enforcing foreign arbitral awards that have been set aside, especially in U.S. courts, and looks at how this affects the international dispute resolution system. The article focuses on how U.S. courts have dealt with cases such as PEMEX, a state-owned oil company, and COMMISA, a subsidiary of KBR, Inc., a U.S. construction company, and Chromalloy Aeroservices v. Arab Republic of Egypt. Enforcing awards that have been set aside is still a big topic of debate, and it gets criticized by both legal experts and professionals. Some courts respect the decisions made at the place where the arbitration happened and choose not to enforce annulled awards, showing respect for international cooperation. Others use the rules from the New York Convention to check the validity of the awards on their own and might still enforce them even if they were set aside. The study looks at how different places handle this issue, especially recent U.S. court rulings. It ends by saying these differences might hurt the main ideas of international arbitration, like fairness and efficiency
