Samarkand State Medical University (Samarkand State Medical University until April 1, 2022) — medical is a higher educational university in Uzbekistan, engaged in education and training of students, medical workers and scientists, as well as improving their qualifications. The University is located in the city of Samarkand. Samarkand State Medical University was founded by the decision of the Government of the Republic 90 years ago, in the distant 1930 year. During its glorious history, our university has passed a long way of becoming one of the leading medical universities not only in Uzbekistan, but also in the entire Central Asian region. In 1930, by the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of Uzbekistan No. 80 dated May 7, 1930, the State Uzbek Medical Institute (SUMI) was founded in the city of Samarkand. This was a big event for the population of the Central Asian region, as there was no independent medical higher education institution in this region. The Samarkand State Medical Institute (since April 2022 - the University) received a special development after the republic achieved independence. In 1997, the country adopted the "National Training Program", and in 1998, the state program for health care reform, which resulted in the creation of the Faculty of Higher Nursing in 1999. In 2001, the department was opened, and since 2005, the Faculty of Medical Pedagogy, and in subsequent years the faculties of dentistry, medical prophylactics, medical biology, pharmacy, and since 2020, students are studying in the new direction of "Traditional Medicine". In 2020, the coronavirus pandemic COVID-19 radically affected all spheres of life in almost all countries of the world. There are even suggestions that the changes are so profound that we will have to adapt to them, in the sense of constantly meeting sanitary and epidemiological requirements. The pandemic has also had a major impact on education and training. Our University, like all educational institutions of the republic, has switched to distance learning since the first days of the pandemic. Since 2013, its own electronic learning platform has been created and successfully operated, and the entire learning process from April to the end of the academic year took place on it. Due to the specifics of our university and the fact that the main backbone of its personnel potential is made up of employees of the healthcare system, it is natural that from the very beginning of the quarantine, they were able to quickly restructure all their work to meet the requirements of distance learning. Since the beginning of the 2020-2021 academic year, a completely new electronic platform of the Institute for conducting classes online has been created, all the main educational materials have been translated into electronic format and placed in specially created virtual resource bases, to which all teachers and students have access. On December 24, 2021, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan signed two important documents concerning fundamental changes in the higher education system "On additional measures to ensure the academic and organizational and managerial independence of state higher educational institutions" and" On measures to ensure the financial independence of State higher educational institutions". The adopted documents opened a new page in the development of higher education institutions in the country. In accordance with these documents, higher education institutions will have such rights and opportunities as creating and publishing textbooks and other educational and scientific literature based on their own plan for higher education institutions and their branches; creating and implementing mechanisms for internal control of quality of education; carrying out basic activities related to education, science, implementation and commercialization of its results, creation of non-governmental structures, commercial and non- commercial organizations; approval of structure of the institution and determination of the number of staff regardless of the standards established for higher educational institutions; opening of new directions and specialties based on the needs of the labor market, termination of existing directions and specialties; establishing the procedure for hiring, dismissing and internal rotation of teachers and other employees; admission of foreign citizens on a paid basis and organization of distance learning. The rector emphasized that these documents give not only rights and independence, but also assign special responsibility for their implementation to the staff of the Institute. According to these documents, the list of state higher educational institutions has been approved, including Samarkand State Medical University, which will be granted financial independence from January 1, 2022. Universities will have the authority to independently make decisions on determining the cost of training on a fee-based contract basis, establishing and extending the terms of payment for a paid contract by students, attracting on a contractual basis native and foreign professors-teachers and specialists who are able to apply modern pedagogical technologies in the educational process and conduct scientific research, establish the amount of remuneration of foreign highly qualified specialists involved in educational and scientific processes, develop standards for the introduction of full-time units of professors and teachers, allocate scholarships and grants for students at their own expense, directly purchase educational and scientific literature, textbooks and textbooks from foreign countries from manufacturers, copyright holders, determining the procedure for providing paid services in empty buildings and structures, determining the annual limit vehicle and requirements for their maintenance. Starting from the 2022-2023 academic year, the universities included in the list will have the following powers in the academic sphere: to approve academic programs and plans, as well as qualification requirements; to determine the language and form of education; to set the terms of study for bachelor's and master's degrees, to approve the procedure for scientific guidance for doctoral students and applicants; to introduce correspondence, evening, distance learning for master's degrees develop and publish textbooks and other educational and scientific literature for universities; define and implement internal quality control of education. They can also make their own decisions on the transfer of foreign citizens from foreign universities, approve the order of their exams and assessment criteria. Starting from the 2022-2023 academic year, universities will be able to create structural divisions engaged in activities in the field of education, science, as well as the implementation and commercialization of research results. Also, universities will independently determine the rules of internal order, in particular the form of clothing. A supervisory board will be created, which will include representatives of the university's management departments and ministries, as well as the public. Supervisory boards will have broad rights and powers in the activities of the university. According to the Regulations, students, researchers and teachers get free access to international databases. Literature in university libraries will be digitized and published on the E-Library platform of the Ministry of Higher Education. All reporting at universities will be translated into an online format, and for this purpose, the Ministry of Higher Education, together with the World Bank, will gradually introduce an Information System for Managing Higher Education Processes. And the exemption from customs duties on the import of educational, scientific, laboratory and special equipment, educational and scientific-methodical literature, educational multimedia products and equipment until 2024 will further strengthen the material and technical base and potential of the university. The decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev dated April 1, 2022 "On the establishment of the Samarkand State Medical University and further improvement of the training system in this field" on the creation of a modern medical university in ancient Samarkand on the basis of the Samarkand State Medical Institute, which embodies the most advanced achievements of national and international experience, is in our opinion strategically important value. Our university has everything necessary for this, including a powerful scientific and pedagogical center potential, rich material and technical base, long-standing traditions of training qualified medical personnel. According to the Presidential decree, the educational process is focused on the formation of practical skills, the widespread introduction of advanced pedagogical technologies, curricula and innovative materials based on international educational standards, the creation of the necessary conditions for ensuring a combination of theoretical knowledge and practice in the clinic and training base, the development of academic mobility programs for students, teachers and researchers within the framework of cooperation with foreign medical universities, conducting fundamental, applied and innovative research to solve existing problems in medical practice, gradually introducing the "University 3.0" concept, which provides an integral link between medical education, science, and practical healthcare with real sectors of the economy. The Resolution also pays special attention to the development of the practical orientation of the University, in particular, on the basis of the Samarkand Regional Health Recovery Hospital, it is planned to create a Research Institute of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, a multidisciplinary clinic of the University and a Specialized children's Surgical Clinic based on the first and second clinics of the Samarkand State Medical Institute, a Research Institute of Microbiology, Virology, Infectious and parasitic diseases named after L. M. Isaev on the basis of the branch named after L. M. Isaev. IsayevaRepublican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center of Epidemiology, Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases and its Clinic, Specialized Scientific and Practical Center of Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Scientific Center of Immunology, Allergology and Human Genomics.
OBJECTIVES: Questionnaires are widely used in medicine to collect essential patient information, identify disease etiologies, and assess treatment outcomes. In orthodontics, questionnaire-based assessments facilitate the identification of factors associated with dentoalveolar anomalies and myofunctional disorders. Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is a significant contributor to the development of these conditions. However, inadequate postoperative follow-up may allow myofunctional disorders to persist or progress, despite surgical treatment. A comprehensive evaluation of factors affecting general and oral health may improve diagnostic accuracy, treatment outcomes, and interdisciplinary collaboration. This study aimed to assess the condition of children after surgical treatment for AH, determine the need for orthodontic intervention and associated risk factors, and evaluate the extent of interdisciplinary collaboration in identifying and managing myofunctional disorders through a questionnaire survey and medical record analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective observational questionnaire-based study included 220 children aged 5–8 years who had undergone surgery for AH. Medical records and questionnaires completed by the children’s legal guardians were analyzed. RESULTS: The findings indicate that a considerable proportion of children continued to experience respiratory, functional, and speech-related complaints after adenoidectomy. Parents frequently reported persistent mouth breathing, pronunciation difficulties, and signs suggestive of myofunctional disorders, despite previous surgical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Persistent postoperative complaints were identified in a proportion of children, including impaired nasal breathing, harmful oral habits, pronunciation difficulties, and parent-reported signs suggestive of myofunctional disorders. The findings also showed insufficient interdisciplinary follow-up after adenoidectomy, particularly regarding referrals to orthodontists, dentists, speech therapists, and specialists in myofunctional therapy.
The aim of the work is to estimate the barometric effects for the neutron component of cosmic rays at the Tashkent and Alma-Ata stations during periods of maximum solar activity. The article analyzes the detailed instrumental characteristics of the Tashkent and Alma-Ata stations, the detector design, the data collection and processing system, and the main scientific results obtained during continuous observations. As a result, the average annual barometric coefficients for the neutron component were determined: for the Tashkent 0.686 ± 0.016%/mb, and for the Alma-Ata 0.668 ± 0.016%/mb. The humidity effect was also estimated for the Moscow station. It was found that the regression models describe the observed variations with high accuracy (Р2 ≈ 0.97), which confirms their reliability. The results obtained show that they can increase the accuracy of neutron monitor data correction, improve the efficiency of detecting primary cosmic ray variations, and record space weather events. The proposed approach is shown to be effective in long-term monitoring of cosmic rays and studying the Sun-Earth relationship. The coupling coefficient, which expresses the contribution of cosmic ray variations, was found to be 1.126 ± 0.014 for the Alma-Ata and 1.096 ± 0.014 for the Tashkent. These values indicate that the intensity changes recorded by neutron monitors are in high agreement with cosmic ray variations. The results obtained show that atmospheric pressure is the main meteorological factor affecting the counting rate of neutron monitors. The corrections significantly improved the accuracy of the data, making it possible to distinguish heliophysical phenomena such as Forbush depressions, 27-day variations, and long-term modulation of galactic cosmic rays.
This study explores the role of disease comparison within the linguistic sphere, emphasizing how medical conditions are conceptualized, described, and differentiated through language. It examines the interaction between linguistic structures and the classifi cation of diseases, with particular attention to language disorders and specifi c learning disabilities. The research also addresses the notion of “fuzzy objects” in linguistic categorization, highlighting the imprecision and variability inherent in medical terminology.
The objective of the prospective study was to investigate the significance of phenotypic characterization of salt sensitivity in the selection of initial antihypertensive therapy and its effect on blood pressure control among patients with stage 1 hypertension. Another aim was to assess whether a phenotype-driven strategy could reduce the psychological burden associated with trial-and-error prescribing or not. The field study was carried out as a cluster-randomized trial in three primary care centers in Tashkent and the Fergana Valley region of Uzbekistan in May to November 2025. 210 patients with recently detected stage 1 hypertension were included in the study and randomly allocated into two groups with phenotype-directed therapy (n = 112) and conventional management (n = 98). For those in the phenotype group, all participants were screened for salt sensitivity through oral salt tolerance testing prior to any interventions; their baseline and readings after administration of 200 mL of solution containing 2 g of sodium chloride were measured at 120 min, with salt sensitivity indicated by a 10 mmHg rise in systolic blood pressure. Salt sensitive patients were prescribed hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/daily), while resistant patients were administered amlodipine (5 mg/daily). If the goal had not been met by week 4, then telmisartan 40 mg would be included. In the standard care group, one of the following monotherapies could be administered depending on the treating physician based on national guidelines: ACE inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker, calcium channel blocker, or thiazide diuretic. The primary objective of the study was the percentage of patients attaining their blood pressure target (<140/90 mm Hg) after week 12. In the phenotyping approach group, 53.6 percent of patients were found to have salt sensitivity phenotype. After 12 weeks, the proportion of patients having attained target blood pressure was significantly higher in the phenotyping group, that is, 78.6 percent versus 62.2 percent in the standard care group (P = 0.009). There was a significant difference in the mean systolic blood pressure decrease among the two groups (18.9 vs. 14.7 mm Hg; P = 0.001). Moreover, there was a reduced requirement for a second medication among the phenotyping group (36.4% vs. 51.6%; P=0.03), and no statistically significant difference in adverse events in both groups. The results indicate that a simple salt sensitivity phenotyping strategy can help identify patients for drug therapy and significantly increase treatment efficacy. Since this method reduces the amount of experimentation necessary to change medicines, it may also help reduce the psychological stress that patients have when first dealing with their hypertension.
This article presents the results of an experimental study on the development of emotional and communicative competence among medical students. The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing demands for the communicative training of future physicians within the framework of patient-centered medicine. The aim of the research is to develop and test a methodological system for fostering the emotional and communicative competencies of medical students and to evaluate its effectiveness experimentally. The experiment was conducted at three medical universities in Uzbekistan and involved 520 students (266 in the experimental group and 254 in the control group). Diagnostic methods, role-playing activities, clinical simulations, reflective sessions, questionnaires, and training sessions were employed during the study.
