Udayana University

Reliable indicators of early soil biological change remain limited in tropical agroecosystems, where soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks may respond more slowly than microbial processes. We evaluated whether seasonal vegetation dynamics derived from Sentinel-2 fractional vegetation cover (FVC) are associated with spatial variation in SOC stock and microbial indicators in Jembrana, Bali, Indonesia. We mapped seasonal FVC from 2019 to 2024 and derived site-level metrics of mean cover and temporal variability (standard deviation, anomaly, coefficient of variation, and a temporal stability index). In July 2023, we sampled topsoil (0-30 cm) at 12 sites representing contrasting land uses and topographic settings. We calculated SOC stock from organic carbon concentration, bulk density, and sampling depth, and measured basal respiration and culturable microbial density (colony-forming units, CFU). Vegetation cover peaked consistently during the wet season (December to February), and mean site FVC ranged from 0.31 to 0.99. Mean FVC showed positive but non-significant associations with culturable microbial density (Spearman's p = 0.48, P = 0.114) and basal respiration (p = 0.29, P = 0.361), whereas higher vegetation variability metrics tended to coincide with lower culturable microbial density (p =-0.43 to-0.51, P = 0.090 to 0.163). SOC stock showed near-zero coefficients and no statistical evidence of association with vegetation metrics (p = 0.09, P = 0.781) or microbial indicators (p = 0.01, P = 0.975). Principal component analysis of FVC traits explained 99.65% of the variance and separated sites along a gradient from stable, high cover to more variable, lower cover. Overall, FVC stability metrics captured spatial differences that were directionally consistent with microbial indicators, but associations were not statistically significant in this dataset (n = 12). Larger, replicated studies with repeated soil sampling are required to evaluate whether seasonal FVC metrics have robust predictive utility for SOC stock and soil biological indicators.

This research explores how loneliness influences individuals’ intention to donate, focusing on the emotional mechanism of anticipated warm glow and the moderating role of donation type (time vs. money). Across two experimental studies, the findings consistently reveal that lonely individuals express a higher willingness to donate time rather than money. Study 1 shows that donation type moderates the effect of loneliness on donation intention, with time donations eliciting stronger intentions among lonely participants. Study 2 extends this by demonstrating that anticipated warm glow mediates the effect of loneliness on donation intention but only when the donation involves time. In monetary donation contexts, loneliness does not significantly influence emotional rewards or giving intentions. These results suggest that the emotional benefits of prosocial behavior are contingent on both the donor’s psychological state and the nature of the donation request. The study contributes to the literature on prosocial motivation by integrating emotional and contextual factors into the understanding of charitable behavior. Practical implications highlight the value of tailoring donation appeals, particularly time-based opportunities for emotionally vulnerable groups such as the lonely.

Identity fusion is a powerful form of social cohesion capable of motivating extreme pro-group action that can result from the sharing of personally transformative memories of a dysphoric event with other group members. However, it is not known whether such experiences need to be shared directly or if indirect sharing via eye-witness accounts would be equally effective. In this study, we examine the impact of the 2002 Bali bombings, a powerful dysphoric event, on group cohesion and morality among Balinese Hindus. We hypothesized that being copresent would predict stronger fusion with ingroup members compared with vicariously shared experiences, and that fusion scores would be more strongly associated with select moral domains compared with social identification. Using a questionnaire, data were collected in person from 340 Hindus in Bali. Our findings confirmed that directly experiencing this dysphoric event was associated with higher levels of fusion-especially with others who were copresent-which were mediated by the experience's transformative impact and its recall for those present. Nevertheless, indirect experiences also proved to be powerful drivers of group bonding through similar processes. The study provides new insight into the long-term psychological impacts of terrorist atrocities and their wider consequences for societal cohesion.

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented an unprecedented global challenge, significantly impacting public health, economies, and daily life worldwide. In response to this crisis, scientists and researchers around the world have worked tirelessly to understand the virus, its transmission dynamics, and most importantly, to develop effective vaccines. However, questions remain about the comparative effectiveness of these vaccines, particularly in real-world scenarios. This paper aimed to address this critical issue by employing advanced statistical techniques, including time-varying copulas. In this study, we employed four types of copula, namely Gaussian, Student-t, Clayton, and Gumbel, to model the temporal association between vaccination and the emergence of COVID-19 cases. The results of this study suggested that the number of subsequent vaccinations, especially the first to fourth vaccines, has a significant impact on the occurrence and spread of COVID-19 under particular conditions. Furthermore, we proposed several modeling scenarios for COVID-19 cases based on their temporal interactions with the number of subsequent vaccinations. The findings of this research provided a comprehensive understanding of the temporal relationship between vaccination and its impact on reducing COVID-19 cases.

This study aims to examine spatial disparities in tourism development within the marine conservation area of Nusa Penida, Bali. It further seeks to formulate an equitable blue economy policy pathway that integrates environmental conservation, spatial justice, and community participation through a stakeholder-driven framework. The research applies a spatial descriptive analysis to identify patterns of tourism infrastructure, service distribution, and accessibility across Nusa Penida's western, central, and eastern regions. In addition, a policy evaluation using the MULTIPOL (Multi-Policy) method was conducted, involving expert-based Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). The MULTIPOL framework evaluated three policy scenarios using five criteria: ecological sustainability, social inclusion, spatial equity, economic feasibility, and institutional support. Findings reveal a strong spatial imbalance, with development and tourism investment highly concentrated in the western part of the island. This has led to environmental stress in overdeveloped areas and exclusion in underdeveloped regions. The preferred scenario, Equitable Blue Economy, highlights institutional strengthening, adaptive spatial zoning, and empowerment of local communities. This model aligns with local Balinese values such as Tri Hita Karana, reinforcing policy legitimacy and sustainability. Comparative insights from similar island contexts globally support the relevance of participatory and spatially integrated planning. Tourism development in marine conservation areas like Nusa Penida must not only pursue economic growth and environmental preservation but also ensure social equity and spatial justice. The integration of community values and participatory governance is essential to achieve a resilient and just blue economy model. (c) 2026 by the authors; licensee Growing Science, Canada