Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide and is increasingly recognized as the outcome of complex host–microbe interactions. Beyond established genetic and environmental drivers, the gut microbiome has emerged as a causal and mechanistic contributor to CRC initiation, progression, and therapy response. This review synthesizes current molecular, ecological, and translational evidence to explain how gut microbial communities reprogram immune, metabolic, neural, and endocrine networks within the tumor microenvironment. CRC-associated dysbiosis is characterized by enrichment of pathobionts such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, pks⁺ Escherichia coli, and enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, and by loss of protective, short-chain-fatty-acid-producing commensals. These microbes promote carcinogenesis through genotoxin-induced DNA damage, epithelial barrier disruption, metabolic rewiring, and chronic inflammation that collectively sustain immune suppression and tumor growth. Defined mutational signatures from bacterial metabolites, including colibactin, cytolethal distending toxin, and indolimines, now directly link microbial exposures to human cancer genomes. By integrating these findings, this review conceptualizes CRC as a biofilm-structured, microbiome-driven ecosystem disease, where polymicrobial consortia coordinate barrier breakdown, immune evasion, and metabolic cooperation. Finally, we highlight emerging microbiota-targeted strategies, including dietary modulation, pre- and probiotics, postbiotics, bacteriophage therapy, engineered live biotherapeutics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, that translate these insights into precision prevention and therapy. Through this integrative framework, the review aims to reposition the microbiome from a correlative feature to a tractable determinant of CRC pathogenesis and treatment response.
Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) are known as technological platforms that manage energy efficiency and sustainability in buildings. These technologies integrate control of heating, cooling, lighting, and other services, making optimum use of these resources. As governments worldwide prioritize energy efficiency, often through policies that encourage reduced consumption, BEMS have become increasingly important to achieve these goals. In this paper, the authors perform research on BEMS focused on improving energy efficiency in buildings. While earlier reviews have covered parts of this topic, our analysis uncovers several gaps in the literature that suggest promising lines of inquiry for future work on BEMS, addressing their technologies employed to improve energy efficiency. Additionally, this research discusses how recent breakthroughs, like artificial intelligence and machine learning, are creating fresh opportunities for innovation in BEMS design. Although these technologies expand what today’s systems can do, they also introduce new research challenges that must be addressed. This review’s goal is to build a strong foundation for the next generation of smarter, more sustainable control systems in BEMS.
Padel is a rapidly growing racket sport worldwide. As its popularity increases, there is a need to better understand padel-related injuries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of injuries in amateur padel players. A Cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in padel players in southern Chile, aged 18 years or older who competed in amateur padel leagues. Data were collected through an online self-report survey between August 2023 and December 2023. Socio-demographic characteristics and padel-related injuries in the previous six months were requested. A sample of 364 amateurs padel players (age 37.4 ± 9.2 years, 63
Pancreatic cancer (PC) represents one of the most formidable challenges in oncology, characterized by its asymptomatic onset, delayed clinical detection, and dismal prognosis. Among pancreatic neoplasms, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) accounts for over 90% of cases and remains the most aggressive form, driven by late diagnosis, intrinsic chemoresistance, and a profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Recent advances have reframed the human microbiome not as a passive bystander but as an active architect of pancreatic tumor biology. This review delineates the mechanistic axes through which microbial ecosystems orchestrate PDAC progression across four key anatomical niches-gastrointestinal, oral, urogenital, and intrapancreatic. We elucidate how microbial dysbiosis fosters oncogenesis through immune evasion, metabolic reprogramming, and chronic inflammation, implicating specific taxa such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Malassezia spp., and Porphyromonas gingivalis in immune suppression and chemoresistance. Microbial enzymatic inactivation of gemcitabine and modulation of cytokine networks further underscore the microbiome’s pivotal role in therapeutic failure. Conversely, commensal and probiotic species may potentiate immunosurveillance and enhance treatment efficacy. This review also explores microbiota-derived biomarkers for early detection and the translational promise of microbiome-targeted interventions, including fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, and selective antibiotics. By decoding the microbial blueprint of PC, we propose a paradigm in which the microbiome emerges as both a biomarker and a therapeutic axis, offering novel avenues for precision oncology. Furthermore, this integrative synthesis emphasizes the multi-omic, immunometabolic, and therapeutic dimensions of the pancreatic cancer-microbiome interface, where metagenomic, transcriptomic, metabolomic, and immunomic layers converge to shape tumor evolution and therapeutic response, advancing the vision of microbiome-informed precision oncology.
Latin America’s exceptional genetic diversity, shaped by centuries of admixture among Native American, European, and African ancestries, presents both challenges and opportunities for pharmacogenomic implementation. Current guidelines by CPIC and DPWG, though foundational, are largely based on European and East Asian data, limiting their applicability in highly admixed populations. This article presents the rationale and methodology of RELIVAF (Latin American Network for the Implementation and Validation of Pharmacogenomic Clinical Guidelines), which aims to produce region-specific recommendations aligned with local genetic profiles, healthcare systems, and regulatory landscapes. The framework integrates international standards with country- and ancestry-specific allele frequencies, effect sizes, drug availability, and implementation constraints. It also incorporates educational strategies to promote pharmacogenomic literacy among healthcare professionals. Three gene-drug pairs were prioritized for initial guideline development: DPYD-fluoropyrimidines, TPMT/NUDT15–thiopurines (paediatric ALL), and CYP2C9/VKORC1-coumarin anticoagulants (e.g., warfarin, acenocoumarol). Selection was based on clinical relevance, allele frequency variability, and potential public health impact. By leveraging regional data and collaborative expertise, RELIVAF aims to deliver actionable, equitable, and context-specific pharmacogenomic guidance, advancing precision medicine in Latin America and serving as a model for other underrepresented regions.
