The rapid transition toward renewable-dominated energy systems has transformed microgrids (MGs) into highly interconnected cyber-physical systems (CPSs), where advanced communication, intelligent control, and inverter-based resources enhance operational flexibility while introducing unprecedented security vulnerabilities. This paper presents a comprehensive review of cyber-physical security and resilience enhancement strategies for MGs by establishing a unified framework that integrates attack scenarios, detection methodologies, and defense mechanisms. The evolving threat landscape is systematically analyzed, including false data injection, denial-of-service, spoofing, replay, and coordinated hybrid attacks targeting communication infrastructures, control layers, and physical power dynamics. Furthermore, existing detection approaches are critically reviewed and categorized into model-based, statistical, artificial intelligence and machine learning-based, physics-informed, and digital twin-enabled frameworks. Particular attention is given to emerging techniques such as deep learning, reinforcement learning, graph neural networks, federated learning, and physics-informed neural networks, highlighting their potential and limitations under nonlinear and uncertain inverter-dominated operating conditions. Defense and resilience strategies are investigated through secure communication, adaptive control, redundancy, attack mitigation, self-healing operation, and recovery-oriented approaches. The review further emphasizes the importance of real-time validation platforms and digital twins for predictive risk assessment and autonomous cyber-physical resilience management. Finally, key research challenges are identified, including scalability, explainability of intelligent security models, realistic hardware-in-the-loop validation, standardized resilience metrics, and the development of integrated physics–AI frameworks for future secure and adaptive MGs.
Abstract Ensuring proper work–rest cycles is a promising strategy for relieving fatigue in construction workers. However, inadequate recovery is common among construction workers due to inappropriate rest arrangements, increasing the risk of excessive fatigue. How to effectively develop rest plans for construction workers is challenging because individual differences in recovery rates can reduce the effectiveness of standardized rest schedules, while fully personalized rest arrangements are rarely feasible on construction sites. This study aims to predict the recovery patterns of construction workers after working to exhaustion, providing a basis for recovery pattern–based management that considers individual differences while remaining practically feasible. Field studies were conducted at five construction sites in mainland China, involving 199 construction workers, between March and July 2024. Personal and physiological variables of the workers, along with environmental parameters on construction sites, were collected. Three fundamental recovery patterns—rapid, moderate, and slow recovery—were identified through time-series clustering analysis. Construction workers with rapid recovery patterns can achieve approximately 95% recovery after a 40-min rest, while those with moderate and slow recovery patterns achieve approximately 73% and 49% recovery, respectively. To determine the recovery pattern of each worker, a machine-learning-based prediction model was developed that comprehensively considered the personal characteristics of workers and the environmental conditions to which they were exposed. The developed model demonstrated good performance, achieving an accuracy of 87% on the external test dataset. This study proposes grouping construction workers by their predicted recovery patterns to implement tailored rest schedules. This approach ensures adequate recovery by balancing individual physiological differences with on-site practical constraints, thereby providing actionable decision support for rest planning.
Seismic rehabilitation of offshore jacket structures, as an important component of energy production infrastructure, can ensure higher productivity, life extension, and long-term reliability of these structures. This study utilizes probabilistic seismic demand analysis and comparative loss analysis as a decision-making tool to evaluate the efficacy of deck isolation in enhancing the seismic performance of offshore jacket structures. Low-damping rubber bearings are used to isolate the deck, and two deck-isolated systems are achieved by adjusting the isolator stiffness to target fundamental vibration periods of 2 s and 3 s. Three types of dampers: 1) velocity-dependent 1–4 viscous dampers; 2) direction- and displacement-dependent 2–4 dampers; and 3) direction- and displacement- dependent 1–3 dampers, are incorporated into the isolation system. For each structure, ground-motion ensembles containing 20 records are selected using the generalized conditional intensity measure approach to represent site-specific seismic hazard at 13 hazard levels. The baseline and deck-isolated structures are compared in terms of the cumulative distribution function of the jacket cap displacement and total deck acceleration, as well as drift hazard and loss metrics. Deck-isolation resulted in significant reductions, ranging from 83–91%, in the mean annual frequency of exceeding the inelastic limit and a 67–98% reduction in loss hazard across the considered loss levels. This highlights the applicability of the isolation system and energy dissipation devices to offshore jacket structures. Sensitivity analysis on damage state thresholds and the deferred production cost factor showed, although these parameters influence the loss metrics of each structure, their relative performance remains largely unaffected.
Abstract A reconnaissance mission was organized by the American Concrete Institute, Committee 133, to visit the Los Grillos Bridge in Colombia on September 13, 2023. The bridge is a post-tensioned cast-in-place segmental cantilever structure featuring a box girder spanning 180 m. Situated on a slow-moving landslide, the bridge failed on August 20, 2023. Analyses indicated that the concrete crushing of the bottom slab of the 180-m-long box girder triggered the failure. This case study demonstrates that similar structures can withstand large relative deformations in the transverse direction and differential settlements, yet they remain quite vulnerable to displacement in the longitudinal direction. It also highlights the susceptibility of bridge structures in unstable geological regions.
Surf breaks are increasingly recognized as valuable coastal resources that support recreation, culture, local economies, and human wellbeing. Over the past two decades, research and practice on surf conservation have expanded considerably across disciplines such as coastal and environmental management, tourism and oceanography. While formal mechanisms for surf break management have evolved in some jurisdictions, they are often absent or weakly integrated into formal coastal governance. There is a need for both surf-specific legal instruments and stronger alignment with existing environmental laws and planning frameworks. This Short Communication reflects on key perspectives from the 2026 World Surfing Conservation Conference, held on the Gold Coast, Australia, February 13th-19th 2026. The event convened a diverse international community including researchers, policymakers, practitioners, Indigenous representatives, advocates, athletes and industry stakeholders. In lieu of formal proceedings this article offers a thematic analysis of the 131 conference presentations and recommendations for further embedding a focus on surf resources within mainstream coastal management. The analysis identifies surf protection initiatives and governance gaps as dominant themes alongside opportunities to better connect surf conservation with biodiversity protection. Four priorities are identified: (1) Mainstream surf management within formal coastal governance frameworks, recognizing the spatial and socio-cultural dimensions of surf breaks as natural resources; (2) Leverage existing governance instruments that are already in place for the protection and sustainable management of other natural resources; (3) Apply community values and economic valuation frameworks to support decision-making on surf break management; (4) Ensure that responsibility and accountability for the long-term protection of surf resources is provided and maintained by the relevant governmental authorities.
