The aim of this review is to provide an in-depth overview of chromoblastomycosis, with emphasis on emerging management strategies and therapeutic options, and to underscore potential gaps in the literature and priorities for future research. Among the newer triazoles, posaconazole has demonstrated greatest therapeutic potential in the treatment of chromoblastomycosis, including for severe and refractory disease. Adjunctive immunomodulatory therapies such as glucan, imiquimod, and acitretin have shown potential as well. Several novel and repurposed agents also have potential activity against dematiaceous fungi, including tricyclazole, HIV peptidase inhibitors, 1,10‑phenanthroline‑5,6‑dione, and benzimidazoles. A recently proposed combination protocol with debulking, intralesional amphotericin B, and oral terbinafine (DAT protocol) achieved cure in all 16 included patients in a 2025 case series. While excisional surgery remains the preferred physical therapeutic modality, several reports have shown favorable results with both photodynamic and heat therapy. Chromoblastomycosis continues to pose a therapeutic challenge, requiring prolonged antifungal therapy often combined with physical therapeutic modalities. Improved access to diagnostics and early intervention remain essential to reducing global disease burden.
This review aims to summarize the available literature on malignancy screening in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic, slowly progressive inflammatory disease of both the large and small bile ducts that ultimately leads to biliary fibrosis, cholestatic liver injury, and cirrhosis. Given its chronic inflammatory nature, PSC is associated with malignancy. PSC is associated with an 160-400 fold risk of cholangiocarcinoma and 9-78 fold risk of gallbladder cancer. If associated with inflammatory bowel disease, as is true in 80
As more children with autism enter adulthood, updated data on co-occurring conditions throughout the lifespan are needed. We examined mental, neurodevelopmental and neurological (MNN) conditions among people with and without autism overall and by demographics. Using Medicaid claims data for beneficiaries aged ≥ 1 year enrolled during 2020, we identified autism and MNN diagnoses using ICD-10 codes. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) in beneficiaries with versus without autism were calculated using log-binomial models. Among 993,965 beneficiaries with autism, attention-deficit-hyperactivity and conduct disorders (ADHD/CD, 30.5
The 11th Cardiovascular Outcome Trial (CVOT) Summit: Congress on Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Metabolic Outcomes was held virtually on November 20-21, 2025. The Summit provided a multidisciplinary forum to review and discuss recent outcome trials investigating emerging pharmacological therapies targeting diseases of the cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) continuum. This report highlights the unique developments of 2025 discussed during the Summit, including the first head-to-head CVOT (SURPASS-CVOT), the growing evidence base for combination therapies across the disease spectrum, new insights into the inflammatory component of the CKM syndrome, and relevant policy developments. The first part of this report summarizes pioneering clinical trials addressing combination therapy with finerenone and empagliflozin (CONFIDENCE), the oral glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists orforglipron (ATTAIN-1), and the aldosterone synthase inhibitor (ASI) baxdrostat (BaxHTN). The second part presents recent guideline and policy developments discussed by experts in endocrinology, diabetology, cardiology, nephrology, hepatology, and general practice. In addition, advances in medical technology, particularly in continuous glucose and ketone monitoring, are highlighted, as well as emerging therapies for diseases of the CKM continuum. These include pharmacological agents for a broad spectrum of metabolic disorders such as metabolic liver disease and type 1 Diabetes (T1D) alongside emphasis on the importance of early detection and innovative treatment strategies. The 12th Cardiovascular Outcome Trial Summit will be held virtually on 19-20 November 2026 (http://www.cvot.org).
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in cancer progression by orchestrating interactions between cancer cells and surrounding immune and non-immune cells through metabolic reprogramming. Methylation-controlled J protein (MCJ; also known as DNAJC15) is a negative regulator of mitochondrial respiration, but its role in tumor metabolism remains unclear. To study the role of tumor-intrinsic MCJ expression, we generated MCJ-deficient cancer cell lines using siRNA and performed a comprehensive analysis of their characteristics in comparison with MCJ-expressing parental cells. MCJ deficiency resulted in enhanced mitochondrial respiration and ATP production. Despite normal growth in vitro, MCJ-deficient tumor cells exhibited severly curtailed growth in immunocompetent mice. However, these cells grew comparably to controls in T-cell-deficient athymic mice, indicating immune-mediated suppression. Tumors lacking MCJ exhibited increased immune cell infiltration and immunogenicity, as determined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a metabolic shift from glycolysis-dominant and hypoxic conditions to a state favoring oxidative phosphorylation, which correlated with upregulation of immune-related pathways and enhanced anti-tumor immune responses. Bioinformatic analysis conducted to study the correlation between the level of MCJ expression and tumor functions in human colorectal cancer revealed that low MCJ expression correlated with increased tumor mutational burden, microsatellite instability, and immune cell infiltration, demonstrating the clinical relevance of MCJ expression in the context of colon adenocarcinoma. These findings suggest MCJ as a promising target for metabolic immunotherapy in cancer.
