A growing call for equity-based school policies aims at providing positive learning opportunities for every child by reducing the disproportionate use of exclusionary practices across gender, race, disabilities, and their intersections. Positive behavior interventions and supports (PBIS) have been widely adopted across many countries to foster positive student behaviors and improve school climate. Yet, fewer efforts have been made to standardize effect sizes of PBIS implementation for young children, specifically those under the age of 10. This meta-analysis and meta-regression sought to examine the overall effect and variability of PBIS outcomes in early childhood through 5th grade, along with the relationship between estimates of intervention effectiveness and selected sample- and study-level characteristics. After reviewing 952 studies and synthesizing 43 effect sizes from 9 eligible studies, this meta-analysis shows that PBIS interventions do not lead to statistically significant changes in children's outcomes in early childhood education and elementary schools. However, the results of the meta-regression suggest that PBIS may serve as a more effective tool in pre-K and kindergarten settings than in elementary schools.
This review essay documents research on state courts throughout the last 25 years, tracking many of the important changes affecting state courts. Since State Politics & Policy Quarterly (SPPQ) began publication in 2001, research on state courts has evaluated a diverse range of topics, including traditionally important areas like the decisions of state judges, the effectiveness of elections for promoting accountability, public attitudes toward state courts, and judicial diversity, among other lines of study. In this essay, we describe the continued development of state courts research - noting further refinement to our understanding of state courts and the development of exciting research avenues. We first present an overview of state courts research and then discuss scholarly efforts to explain the emergence of new-style judicial campaigns, as well as the defense of judicial elections that formed within the subdiscipline. From there, we describe the current state of the state courts research and address research areas in need of attention. We note the important contributions of SPPQ to the advancement of the state courts subfield, which has published more than 50 law and courts articles since its founding. By capitalizing on the methodological and substantive advantages that come from comparative inquiry, scholars have successfully addressed many important questions and challenges involving state courts.
Despite calls for an ecological turn in intercultural communication, critical scholarship on the anthropocentric climate crisis remains limited, particularly from Global South and Indigenous perspectives. Addressing this gap, this study analyzes environmental justice activism through frameworks that interrogate catastrophe colonialism and impacts of imperialist occupation and extractive capitalism. Focusing on Indigenous and Global South activist demonstrations at COP29 in Baku, Azerbaijan, the study theorizes Indigenous embodied activisms and employs a decolonized critical discourse analysis to investigate how activists contest silencing and negotiate exclusion within global climate governance. Analysis foregrounds Indigenous and Global South resistance in spaces that routinely displace and erase their voices.
In-situ monitoring of defect formation remains a significant challenge in the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. Recent advances have enabled real-time defect detection with machine learning and in-situ sensing technologies; however, most studies focus on binary classification of keyhole pores, limiting nuanced multi-class pore differentiation and formation mechanisms. This work introduces a multi-class pore detection framework (no pore, small pores < 15 µm, and large pores > 15 µm) by leveraging photodiode sensor data alongside high-fidelity synchrotron X-ray imaging. The 15 µm threshold is selected to distinguish between two fundamentally different defect mechanisms, following the physical size-mechanism boundary established by prior high-resolution synchrotron X-ray characterization of Al6061 LPBF. Distinguishing these classes is critical because large keyhole pores are structurally detrimental, whereas small gas pores are often benign, requiring different process control strategies. Thermal emission monitoring data collected simultaneously with high-speed X-ray imaging at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource (SSRL), are correlated with subsurface melt pool dynamics to establish ground truth. Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) with optimized parameters converts the photodiode time-series signals into time–frequency images, facilitating feature extraction. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are then applied for real-time multi-class pore classification in an average inference time of 1 ms per signal window. It achieves 79
The illegal hunting, taking, and killing of wild fauna and flora have received increased attention from criminologists in recent years. Much of this literature has centered on understanding the factors that motivate and incentivize individuals to engage in such acts. This study examined the existing literature that has qualitatively explored terrestrial poaching drivers and motivations to identify commonalities and differences. Additionally, operating from a qualitative meta-synthesis approach, we developed overarching themes to identify a comprehensive poaching typology for both wild fauna and flora. Our analysis of the 25 studies included in our QMS identified eight distinct themes contributing to poaching. Through analytical synthesis, these eight themes were subsequently categorized into two broad groups: motivating factors and facilitating conditions. Our study highlights the value of conducting QMS to synthesize and guide future research on poaching, while also providing an avenue to identify potential mechanisms useful in responding to poaching activities.
