An emerging sorbent citric acid-activated Lablab purpureus husk (CA-LLPh) was developed and tested as an affordable adsorbent for removing three anionic dyes namely, Eriochrome Black T (EBT), Eosin Yellow (EY) and Methyl Red (MR) from waste water using fixed bed column adsorption method. The adsorbent was characterised with Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) for spectral data and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) which showed that adsorptive surface morphology. Experimental optimized factors such as initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, pH, contact time and flow rate were optimized. The maximum dye removal occurred at 50 μg/mL for EBT and EY (98.2–98.8
Plant productivity is severely constrained by diverse pathogens, among which oomycetes represent some of the most destructive threats to global agriculture. These filamentous microorganisms cause devastating diseases, including potato late blight and downy mildew, leading to significant yield losses in major crops. Successful infection relies on the formation of haustoria through which oomycetes deliver numerous effector proteins that manipulate host cellular processes and suppress both pattern-triggered and effector-triggered immunity. To date, three major classes of oomycete effectors, including RXLR, Crinkler, and CHXC, along with a putative class YxSL [RK], have been identified in oomycetes. These effector molecules, along with the recently identified apoplastic effectors, play key roles in governing compatible and incompatible interactions and establishing disease in the host plant. Plants perceive these effectors by deploying multilayered immune strategies including plasma-membrane localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular NLR receptors that induce redox- and hormone-regulated defense pathways, and dynamic remodeling of transcriptional and metabolic networks. Understanding these effectors and how they manipulate host defense is a prerequisite for the generation of disease-resistant plants. In this review, we discuss the recent progress in the oomycete effectors, their secretion system, and their targets in the plant cells. By integrating pathogen strategies with host immune responses, we highlight how effector-mediated manipulation of plant signaling provides new opportunities for breeding and engineering broad-spectrum and durable resistance against oomycete pathogens.
A novel Schiff base derivative, (E)-N′-(2,6-dimethoxybenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthohydrazide (F5), was synthesized and systematically investigated for its structural, electronic, and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. The compound was characterized by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy, while single-crystal X-ray diffraction confirmed its orthorhombic Pbca crystal system stabilized by C–H···O and C–H···π interactions. Hirshfeld surface analysis revealed dominant H···H (44.5
Photocatalytic water splitting is a promising approach for sustainable hydrogen generation. This study aims to develop a simple and efficient photocatalyst and to investigate the influence of gamma irradiation on photocatalytic water splitting performance. A gamma irradiated graphitic carbon nitride/silver-cadmium sulfide (gamma-g-C3N4/Ag-CdS) heterostructure composite was synthesized via microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, followed by melamine polymerization and the resultant catalyst was subsequently exposed to gamma radiation. The gamma-g-C3N4/Ag-CdS catalyst exhibited enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production, demonstrating the effectiveness of gamma irradiation and the incorporation of Ag nanoparticles, which enabled an S-scheme electron transfer pathway, thereby improving stability and catalytic performance while reducing reliance on high-cost noble metals such as platinum. Enhanced efficiency was achieved through suppressed charge carrier recombination, improved interfacial charge transfer, and increased visible-light absorption. Gamma irradiation promoted charge separation without additional chemical reagents, and microwave-assisted synthesis reduced reaction time and energy consumption. The hydrogen evolution rate of the gamma irradiated composite reached 5600 mu mol g-1 h-1, compared to 4100 mu mol g-1 h-1 for the unirradiated sample. The gamma-g-C3N4/Ag-CdS photocatalyst delivers a similar to 36% increase in hydrogen evolution rate compared to the untreated composite. This work provides valuable insights for the development of stable and high-performance photocatalysts for sustainable hydrogen generation.
The present study details the synthesis, structural characterization, and key physicochemical properties of 4-nitrobenzyl 4-(p-tolyl)thiazole-2-carboxylate (7). The thiazoles compound was synthesized via a Hantzsch-type cyclocondensation reaction and characterized using spectroscopic techniques, including 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, along with single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Single crystal X-ray diffraction study revealed that the compound 7 crystallizes in the triclinic crystal system with space group P '1 . The crystal structure reveals important insights into intermolecular interactions, like S···O, C–H···π and C = O···C = O interactions including hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals forces, and other intra and intermolecular forces that contribute to the overall molecular assembly. The solid-state structure analysis reveals a remarkable pattern of antiparallel C = O···C = O interactions. The influence of these non-covalent interactions was further validated using Hirshfeld surface analysis, providing a quantitative understanding of molecular packing contributions. The Density functional theory (DFT) simulations at the ωB97XD/6–311 + + G(d, p) level accurately predicted molecular geometry and matched experimental results. The NBO analysis further demonstrated that intramolecular charge transfer contributes to molecular stabilization, especially via hyperconjugative interactions.
