این پژوهش با هدف واکاوی سازوکارهای نقد فرهنگی و هنجارشکنی در رمان وردی که برهها میخوانند اثر رضا قاسمی، بر مبنای نظریۀ «کارناوالسازی» میخاییل باختین انجام شده است. مسألۀ اصلی، چگونگی بازنمایی و عملکرد عناصر کارناوالی در ایجاد فضایی برای به چالش کشیدن گفتمانهای مسلط و احضار صداهای به حاشیه رانده شده است. روش تحقیق این مقاله، توصیفی-تحلیلی است و دادهها با ابزار کتابخانهای گردآوری و تحلیل شدهاند. یافتههای تحقیق نشان میدهد که قاسمی با بهرهگیری هوشمندانه از اصول جهان کارناوالی (از جمله تعلیق نمادین نظم رسمی در فضای بیمارستان، برابری رادیکال در تعامل با اقلیتها، حاکمیت خنده برای خلع سلاح اقتدار و تمرکز بر بدن گروتسک برای تقلیل امور انتزاعی) و همچنین به کار بستن شگردهای سبک زبانی کارناوالی (به ویژه هتروگلوسیا، چندآوایی، هیبریدیسازی و گفتار دوسویه)، موفق به خلق اثری چندصدا و عمیقاً انتقادی شده است. این رمان از این منظر، نه تنها بازتابی از تنشهای هویتی و فرهنگی جامعة ایران است، بلکه با تعلیق آیینها و هنجارهای تحمیلی، امکان بازاندیشی در آنها را از طریق مکانیزمهای امن ادبی فراهم میسازد. این پژوهش مؤید کارآمدی چارچوب نظری باختین در تحلیل ادبیات داستانی معاصر ایران است.
Mixed oxides, due to their highly tunable physical and chemical properties, play a key role in a wide range of advanced technologies such as catalysis, optoelectronics, energy generation and storage. To achieve optimal performance of these materials, a deep understanding of the link between their chemical composition, atomic arrangement and crystal lattice topology is essential. The current survey provides a comprehensive review of the structure and lattice of mixed oxides and emphasizes the importance of accurately identifying and analyzing the atomic structures to elucidate their relationship with the ultimate performance of the materials. Advanced structural analysis methods are used to elucidate structural details, defects and atomic connections at different scales. The effects of various cations, oxidation states and synthesis conditions on the formation of specific phases and changes in lattice parameters are discussed in detail. The crucial role of the bonding Lattices in determining the fundamental electronic, optical and catalytic properties of these materials is also carefully explored. The ultimate goal of this review is to advance the fundamental knowledge of mixed oxides and provide practical approaches for the design and synthesis of new materials with targeted properties and superior performance in future applications. Systematic investigation of structure-property relationships in mixed metal oxides The role of cations and network topology in tuning the functional properties of oxides Introduction of structural techniques for atomic-level characterization Study of the effect of crystal structure on energy conversion and sensing performance
In this work, new electrocatalysts of SnO₂/Pd/PdO, Ni/NiO/Pd/PdO, and Ni/NiO/SnO2/Pd/PdO were prepared and thoroughly characterized for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in direct methanol fuel cells. Exact quantitative insight into the composite formation was obtained from structural and morphological characterizations. The crystallite size of the active Pd phase, obtained from Williamson-Hall plots, showed a formation trend that increased from 6.75 nm in SnO2/Pd/PdO to 13.38 nm for the fully integrated Ni/NiO/SnO2/Pd/PdO composite, using coupled X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and further corroborated through Williamson-Hall calculations. This integration in structure gave rise to a positive lattice strain (2.84 × 10− 3) and the lattice constant was also increased (a = 3.902 Å). FESEM and EDX morphological studies indicated largely isolated nanoparticle networks resulting from the incorporation of SnO2 as a dispersing agent, leading to a reduction in particle size from 51 nm (in Ni/NiO/Pd/PdO) to an optimum range of 30–46 nm, thus preventing the aggregation of Pd/PdO. A series of electrochemical characterizations showed that the Ni/NiO/SnO2/Pd/PdO composite affords excellent electrocatalytic performance with a peak current density up to 62.6 mA/cm2 and an activation energy value as low as 28.79 kJ/mol. This catalytic activity is far superior to recently reported benchmark catalysts such as PdNiAg nanoparticles (43.92 mA/cm2) and bare Pd/GC (5 mA/cm2), mainly owing to increased CO tolerance and a highly efficient diffusion-controlled oxidation mechanism. In addition, the enhanced catalyst showed excellent stability and reproducibility with 98
Abstract Identifying robust precursors for seasonal drought is a central challenge in Earth system science, traditionally approached with linear methods that often fail to capture the complex, asynchronous nature of teleconnections. These methods, by assuming fixed‐phase relationships, can overlook or misrepresent crucial climate drivers. This study introduces Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) as a powerful diagnostic framework to overcome this limitation by quantifying similarity between time series irrespective of temporal misalignments. We apply this methodology to investigate the lagged relationships between 19 large‐scale climate patterns and seasonal drought variability, derived from the Standardized Precipitation Index, across 13 distinct climatic zones in Iran (1994–2022). Our analysis reveals a significant paradigm shift in understanding Iran's drought drivers. The Western Hemisphere Warm Pool (WHWP), an often‐overlooked predictor, emerges as the most dominant and widespread precursory signal, exhibiting statistically significant lead times of up to two seasons (6 months) for over 75% of the country. This contrasts sharply with the conventionally accepted roles of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation. The DTW framework also effectively identifies regions of multiple teleconnection influences (“climatic crossroads”) and areas where local dynamics prevail (“silent zones”). Our findings demonstrate that time‐adaptive modeling is essential for uncovering hidden drivers in climate systems, offering a new pathway to enhance the physical basis and predictive skill of seasonal forecasting models. This approach provides a transferable methodology for reassessing climate teleconnections globally.
Pore size effects of support on Fischer–Tropsch reaction and deactivation rate over cobalt-based catalysts were investigated using mesoporous silica spheres. Macro-scale silica spheres were synthesized employing a sol–gel/oil-drop method, and different drying routes were applied to produce xerogel and ambigel spheres with average pore sizes of approximately 8 and 11 nm. The synthesized spheres were evaluated as supports for cobalt-based catalysts under identical Fischer–Tropsch conditions (H2/CO = 2, 220–280 °C, 10 bar, GHSV = 4800 h⁻1). CO conversion was found to be ≈ 13 percentage points higher for the catalyst supported on the 11 nm pore diameter spheres than for the 8 nm pore diameter spheres. The larger pore diameter also led to significantly higher catalytic activity and long-chain hydrocarbon selectivity. Deactivation kinetic analysis was interpreted in terms of catalyst-time yield (CTY) as a function of time on stream for both cobalt-based supports. The results showed that larger pores alleviate diffusion limitations and reduce pore blockage by heavy hydrocarbons.
