Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (VIMSAR), formerly Burla Medical College (BMC) and Veer Surendra Sai Medical College and Hospital (VSSMCH), popularly known as VSS,[citation needed] is a government-run Medical Institute and hospital in the Indian state of Odisha. Established in 1959, it imparts medical education at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels..
Objectives The Government of India launched the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP) to expand access to affordable generics through private retail outlets named as Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs). This study examines the association of PMBJP with out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishment rate (IR) attributable to medicines.Design A cross-sectional observational study was conducted across nine Indian states in 2022–2023.Setting Outpatient (OPD) and inpatient (IPD) departments of secondary and tertiary government hospitals, private pharmacies and JAKs in 18 districts of IndiaParticipants A total of 10 336 patients were recruited from OPD (n=2881) and IPD (n=1009) departments of government hospitals as well as pharmacy settings (n=6446). Data on sociodemographics, disease severity, number of generic prescriptions, source of acquiring medicines and medicine-related OOPE were collected through semistructured interviews and periodic follow-ups.Primary and secondary outcomes Primary outcomes included mean OOPE on medicines, incidence of CHE (≥40% of non-food consumption expenditure on medicines), IR among JAK and non-JAK users were the primary outcomes of the study. Secondary outcomes comprised awareness of JAKs, generic prescribing rates in hospitals and the factors associated with OOPE, CHE and IR.Results Patients procuring medicines exclusively from JAKs reported the lower mean OOPE (OPD: ₹172; IPD: ₹275; pharmacy: ₹307), compared with significantly higher spending at private pharmacies (OPD: ₹1085; IPD: ₹3165; pharmacy: ₹1031). After adjusting for covariates, OOPE among exclusive JAK users was significantly lower relative to private pharmacy users by 60.6%–89.3%. Furthermore, matched analysis confirmed 42% lower expenses, compared with private pharmacies. The likelihood of CHE was also significantly greater among private pharmacy users. However, utilisation of JAKs remained limited, mainly due to low awareness, perceived stock shortages and low rates of generic prescribing.Conclusion PMBJP is associated with significant reduction in OOPE and financial hardship, positioning it as an effective cost-containment intervention within India’s universal health coverage framework. Strengthening supply chains, promoting generic prescribing and integrating JAKs with public facilities would further maximise its impact.
The infestation of ocular tissue by dipterous fly larvae is known as ophthalmomyiasis. External ophthalmomyiasis primarily affects the conjunctiva and adnexa and is the most frequent manifestation in humans. Oestrus ovis (sheep nasal botfly) is the commonest causative agent. We describe a case of a 42-year-old farmer presenting with the abrupt onset of a foreign body sensation, redness, and watering in the left eye. Slit-lamp examination revealed conjunctival congestion and multiple translucent motile larvae in the fornices exhibiting photophobic and burrowing behavior. Five larvae were mechanically removed under topical anesthesia. Microbiological analysis confirmed it as stage 1 larvae of O. ovis. Complete resolution of symptoms occurred within four days after treatment with topical moxifloxacin and dexamethasone. This case underscores the importance of maintaining a high clinical suspicion in endemic rural areas and highlights that prompt diagnosis, combined with mechanical removal, ensures a rapid recovery and prevents complications.
Bone regeneration remains a fundamental component of contemporary oral and implant dentistry, particularly in the management of post-extraction defects, periodontal bone loss, and implant site deficiencies. Among available grafting materials, synthetic bioactive substitutes have gained attention due to their ability to combine scaffold function with biologically active surface properties. NovaBone, a calcium phosphosilicate-based bioactive glass, has emerged as a clinically relevant option owing to its capacity for ionic dissolution, surface reactivity, and the promotion of mineralized tissue formation. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the mechanistic basis, material characteristics, and clinical performance of NovaBone in oral bone regeneration. The biological activity of NovaBone is primarily driven by the release of silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), and phosphate ions, which contribute to osteogenic signaling, angiogenesis, and the formation of a hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA) layer that facilitates bonding with host bone. In addition to its physicochemical properties, advancements in formulation, including putty and composite systems, have improved its clinical handling and adaptability. Clinical evidence indicates that NovaBone demonstrates favorable outcomes in periodontal intrabony and furcation defects, with additional applicability in socket preservation, ridge augmentation, sinus elevation, and peri-implant defect reconstruction. However, the available literature shows variability in study design, follow-up duration, and outcome measures, with relatively limited long-term randomized data specific to NovaBone formulations. Overall, NovaBone represents a promising bioactive graft material that integrates scaffold function with biologically driven regeneration. Its clinical utility is best understood within a mechanism-oriented framework that links material behavior to tissue response. Future research should focus on standardized clinical protocols and high-quality comparative trials to further define its role among contemporary regenerative biomaterials in implant dentistry.
