Vietnam National University of Agriculture (or VNUA) (Vietnamese: Học viện Nông nghiệp Việt Nam), until 2014 Hanoi University of Agriculture (HUA), is an education and research university specializing in the agricultural sector. The university is located in Trau Quy town, Gia Lam district, a Hanoi suburban area, about 12 km far from Hanoi city centre.
This paper presents a unified framework for constructing smoothing functions tailored to a broad class of widely used regularizers, including the plus function, the pinball function, the ℓ _0 -norm, the ℓ _p -norm for 0 < p ≤ 1 , the MCP, and the SCAD. By transforming nonsmooth regularizers into smooth approximations, the proposed framework facilitates the application of efficient optimization algorithms to sparse optimization problems. The framework is systematically derived from continuous approximations of the step function, offering a principled approach to generating smoothing functions across various regularizers. These approximations are, in turn, constructed using polynomial functions and the Dirac delta function.
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly contagious and lethal pathogen that poses a serious threat to pig production and leads to significant economic losses. This study aimed to develop nanosystems based on iron oxide (Fe₃O₄) using different extracts (in different solvents) of Stixis scandens leaves and to evaluate their antiviral activity against ASFV. The synthesized nanosystems were characterized using various techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The total polyphenol (TP) and total alkaloid (TA) content of the extracts was quantified, as well as the corresponding loading and release profiles from the nanosystems. The Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles exhibited a uniform size distribution (10–15 nm), high colloidal stability (zeta potential ranging from –106.0 mV to –65.2 mV), superparamagnetic behavior, and efficient heat generation under an alternating magnetic field. Release studies showed that TA was released more slowly than TP under both passive and magnetically induced conditions, and that increased temperature improved both release kinetics and antiviral efficacy. Among the formulations tested, F2, which consitsted of extract E2 (with the highest TA content) and the highest extract loading (15.3
The rapid urbanization of Pleiku City, Vietnam, has led to a sharp increase in the demand for and prices of residential land, creating challenges for urban management and land valuation. This study aims to identify and quantify the key factors influencing residential land prices in Pleiku to provide a scientific basis for land use planning and smart urban development. Data were collected through surveys of 30 state officials involved in land valuation and 250 households living along major streets in Pleiku. Cronbach’s alpha was used to test the reliability of the collected data, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to identify influencing factor groups. The results show that residential land prices are strongly influenced by multiple factors, with location and infrastructure playing the most decisive roles. Market land prices were found to be approximately 1.5–2 times higher than state-regulated prices. Among the identified factor groups, location and infrastructure had the strongest influence, followed by economic, social, legal, and specific land use factors. Price differences between land plots mainly reflect variations in location, street characteristics, accessibility, and commercial potential. The study concludes that location and infrastructure development are the dominant drivers of residential land prices in Pleiku. These findings have important implications for land valuation, urban planning, and the implementation of smart urban construction policies in rapidly developing cities in Vietnam.
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) has two biotypes: feline enteric coronavirus (FECV), which typically causes mild intestinal infections, and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), a virulent form associated with a fatal systemic and infectious disease in cats, known as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). The differentiation between FECV and FIPV has been linked to specific mutations, most notably M1058L and S1060A, in the spike (S) protein. These mutations are believed to enhance macrophage tropism and facilitate systemic dissemination. However, the precise contribution of these mutations to FIPV virulence remains uncertain, as they have also been reported in non-FIP cases. Here, we report three FIP-positive cases (3/20; 15%) in domestic cats in Hanoi, Vietnam, in which the virus carried the M1058L mutation, while none had the S1060A substitution. These findings contribute to the ongoing debate regarding the role of spike protein mutations in FIP pathogenesis and underscore the need for continued genomic surveillance. Further research is needed to elucidate the molecular determinants involved in the FECV-to-FIPV transition, with potential implications for improving diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies for feline infectious peritonitis.
mRNA vaccines are a relevant approach in cancer immunotherapy, using messenger RNA to induce immune responses against tumor-associated antigens. In this review, BNT111 and BNT122 are compared as representative off-the-shelf and personalized models. BNT111 is a fixed mRNA vaccine that has demonstrated significant antitumor efficacy against shared melanoma antigens, particularly when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. It allows a standardized production via in vitro transcription (IVT) in a cell-free system. Conversely, BNT122 is a personalized vaccine designed to match an individual’s tumor mutations by targeting patient-specific neoantigens to elicit more robust immune responses. It has significant suitability in the adjuvant setting to target minimal residual disease. Despite favorable safety and immunogenicity, the effectiveness of these vaccines is influenced by various factors, including tumor heterogeneity, differences in antigen expression, off-target effects on mRNA-LNP distribution, molecular instability, and complex manufacturing constraints. Neither approach can be directly considered as the definitive optimal vaccine. A comprehensive analysis of their strengths and limitations is vital for a balanced and objective future research direction. Collectively, this emphasizes the need for further improvements in vaccine design and strategies, prioritizing high-quality, safe, and accessible treatments for every cancer-based patient and ensuring their successful integration into healthcare.
