The article discusses the relationship between physical and patriotic education in the formation of the Scout movement in England in the early 20th century. It describes the prerequisites for the development of the Scout ideas associated with the military career of Robert Baden-Powell. The purpose of the study is to analyze the Scout system as a means of sport and patriotic training for young people. As a result of the study, tasks and methods for patriotic education for Scouts are presented, along with military-based tests correlated with a Scout’s level of readiness (novice, Scout of the second class, and Scout of the fi rst class).
Аннотация: представлен анализ эксцентрической и концентрической фаз прыжка CMJas волейболистов 14-15 лет. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о низкой высоте прыжка (на левой ноге 24,64 см,на правой ноге 25,06 см, а на двух ногах 36,93 см.). Биомеханические характеристики эксцентрической и концентрической фаз достоверно отличались. Особенно значительная разница переменных выявлена в параметрах мощности, расстояния перемещения и скорости. Невысокий процент отличия зафиксирован в значениях силы, а так же разнонаправленный в показателе времени. Проведенный сравнительный анализ показал, что для выполнения эксцентрической фазы прыжка (подсед на одной или двух ногах) затрачивается значительно меньшая мощность (на одной ноге ≈90%, двух ногах ≈52%), что обусловлено уступающим режимом. Скорость (на одной ноге ≈85,8%, на двух 86,9%) и расстояние перемещения (на одной ноге ≈110%, на двух 37,6%) так же имели значения значительно более низкие в сравнении с концентрической фазой. Процентный показатель отличий средней силы в эксцентрической фазе был не столь высоким (на одной ноге ≈4,7%, на двух 2,5%). Временные рамки выполнения эксцентрической фазы имели разнонаправленный не высокий сравнительный процент (левая нога 0%, правая -5,08, две ноги 16,67%). Таким образом, продемонстрировано значительное различие концентрической и эксцентрической фазы прыжка в параметрах мощности, расстояния перемещения и скорости. Невысокий процент отличия зафиксирован в значениях силы, а так же разнонаправленный в показателе времени. Корреляционный анализ показал, что расстояние перемещения в эксцентрической фазе прыжка обусловлено преимущественно мощностью и скоростью данной фазы, а концентрическая фаза предполагает учёт техники (способа) выполнения и высокую дифференциацию связанных с этим характеристик.
The article discuss the results of cytogenetic studies of seed offspring of walnut (Juglans regia L.), which is an introduced species in the Voronezh region. Modern ideas about the level of adaptation of introduced plants should be based on an assessment of the cytological foundations of heredity of seed progeny. This will make possible to reveal the level of stability of the genetic system of plants growing outside the habitat conditions usual for a given species. Nuts of the 2017 harvest were collected from mother plants of 30-35 years of age of seed origin, growing on private farmsteads in Voronezh. To study the cytogenetic characteristics, squashed preparations were prepared according to the standard technique. The following cytogenetic characteristics were studied in the root meristem of seed seedlings: mitotic activity, cell fractions at various stages of mitosis, the level and spectrum of mitosis pathologies, the size of nucleoli and the spectrum of their types, and the occurrence of cells with a persistent nucleolus at the stage of metaphase, anaphase and telophase of mitosis. Statistical data processing was performed using the statistical software package Stadia 7.0 Professional (InCo, Russia) and MedCalc 17.5.3. (MedCalc Software, Osten, Belgium). The presence of three polymorphic groups of seedlings according to the studied cytogenetic parameters was revealed: mutable (with a high level of pathological mitosis), low-mutable (with a low level of cytogenetic disorders), and intermediate. The cytogenetic characteristics for each of the selected groups of seedlings were described in detail. The mechanisms of homeostasis maintaining at the cellular level are discussed for above polymorphic groups. A small proportion of seedlings with a high level of cytogenetic abnormalities (7.5 %) and the predominance of seedlings with average (70 %) and low (22.5 %) values of pathological mitoses indicate a high degree of adaptation of the parent trees of the introduced walnut to the environmental conditions of the Voronezh region. Using ROC-analysis, predictors have been established for assigning any seedling to one of the selected model groups (mutable or low mutable). These predictors were: the proportions of cells at the prophase and metaphase stages, the level of pathological mitoses with and without prophase, the frequency of vacuolated and compact nucleoli. The obtained data of cytogenetic studies can be used to develop recommendations for improving the system of seed production and selection of new forms of walnuts.
Currently, the depletion of the gene pool of forest woody plants is observed due to the fact that in the course of selective felling, specimens valuable for economic characteristics were destroyed and seeds from the remaining specimens were used, which did not have the best qualities. It was noted that a high level of genetic heterogeneity allows the population to adapt to changing environmental conditions, ensures the stability of the population and is a resource for breeding. The selection of valuable genotypes in the creation of forest seed plantations, which is carried out according to the phenotype, is based on the heterogeneity of populations. Meanwhile, studies show that phenotypically normal trees do not always produce good offspring. The cytogenetic method allows assessing the offspring. With its help, it is possible to distinguish among the seed offspring the mother trees of the group with different levels of stability of the genetic material. The aim of the work was to identify markers among cytogenetic parameters for the selection of trees producing seed offspring with different stability of the genetic material. The objects of the study were seedlings of seeds of phenotypically normal Scots pine trees growing in the Khopersky State Nature Reserve (51°10’56.9″N 41°44’17.2″E), and white spruce growing in the Botanical Garden. prof. B.M. Kozo-Polyansky Voronezh State University (51°42’41.57 «N 39°12’17.57″E). The trees had no visible pest damage. The method of preparation and analysis of preparations of seed sprouts is described in the work of Butorina A.K. (2000). In the course of the study, 20 cytogenetic parameters were determined: the mitotic index (counted with and without taking into account cells at the prophase of mitosis), the level of mitotic pathologies (counted with and without taking into account cells at the prophase of mitotic), the proportions of cells at the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase , the proportions of cells with 1–10 nucleoli in the nucleus of interphase cells, the proportion of cells with micronuclei, the proportion of cells with residual nucleoli in interphase and mitosis. Statistical processing of the study results was carried out using the STADIA 7.0 and MedCalc 17.5.3 software. The diagnostic value of the indicator is characterized by the area under the ROC-curve: 0.9–1.0 – excellent; 0.8–0.9 – very good; 0.7–0.8 – good, 0.6–0.7 – average, 0.6 and less – unsatisfactory. Among the cytogenetic indicators, there are those that are suitable for separating the mutable group from the weakly mutable and intermediate, as well as the weakly mutable from the intermediate. In pine, these include the proportion of cells at the prophase stage and the average number of nucleoli in the nucleus, in spruce – the mitotic index without taking into account cells at the prophase stage, the level of mitotic pathologies with and without taking into account cells at the prophase stage and the proportion of cells at the metaphase stage. There are indicators that make it possible to distinguish the mutable group from the weakly mutable and from the intermediate, but are not suitable for separating the weakly mutable group from the intermediate. These include the mitotic index, calculated taking into account cells at the prophase stage in pine, and the proportion of cells at the metaphase and ana-telophase stages in spruce. According to some indicators, it is possible to distinguish the intermediate group from the mutable and the weakly mutable, but it is impossible to distinguish the mutable group from the weakly mutable. In pine, such indicators are the proportion of cells in the metaphase, and in spruce, the proportion of cells with residual nucleoli in the interphase and meta-telophase. Indicators have been identified that make it possible to distinguish only mutable group from weakly mutable (in pine, the proportion of cells at the ana-telophase stage), and weakly mutable group from intermediate (in pine, the mitotic index taking into account cells at the prophase stage, the level of mitotic pathologies with and without taking into account cells at prophase stage, in spruce – mitotic index, taking into account cells at the prophase stage, the proportion of cells with micronuclei).
It is established that during the domain structure relaxation process after its removal from the equilibrium state by an alternating electric field, the sign of the coefficient c of the electric energy density decomposition in powers of a single polarization component changes from "+" to "-". The signs of the coefficient c, obtained experimentally and assumed from the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire theory, coincide at the initial moment after "electric field annealing".
