Introduction: Procrastination is the intentional delay in completing tasks despite awareness of the negative consequences. It is common in higher education and has been associated with academic failure among students. Method: The present study analysed the role of self-efficacy in the relationship between grit (consistency of interests and perseverance of effort) and two dimensions of the procrastination scale (activity postponement and academic self-regulation). The sample consisted of 509 Portuguese university students aged 18 to 58 years (M = 21.61, SD = 5.470), including 288 (56.6%) women. Results: A mediation model analysis showed that higher grit was associated with lower procrastination and higher academic task regulation. The analysis also revealed a partial mediation effect of self-efficacy in the relationship between grit and self-regulation, but this mediating effect was not found in the relationship with task procrastination. Conclusions: These findings suggest that grit and self-efficacy are complementary in explaining self-regulation but may be redundant in explaining procrastination. This justifies further studies to better understand the interaction between grit and self-efficacy in explaining the quality of learning and academic success in higher education.
Introduction: Anxiety and depressive disorders are common worldwide; their frequent co-occurrence is explained by shared emotion dysregulation. The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) and the Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale (ODSIS) enable efficient assessment of emotional disorders by focusing on functional impairment rather than on summing symptoms within diagnostic categories. Objective: To validate the use of the ODSIS and OASIS in the Chilean population. Method: A unidimensional structure was evaluated via confirmatory factor analysis in 740 adults. Internal consistency, temporal stability, and convergent validity were estimated; cutoff points and sex-based measurement invariance were also examined. Results: Acceptable fit indices and very high reliability levels were found for both scales. In addition, cutoff scores of ≥ 6 for ODSIS and ≥ 7 for OASIS were identified, indicating significant depression and anxiety. Finally, multigroup scalar invariance was established for comparisons between men and women. Conclusions: Both scales are valid for use in the Chilean population, with good fit and cutoff points that allow categorization according to severity. Due to their brevity and simplicity, their use is recommended in various clinical care settings.
Contexto: la desorganización del sistema de cuidado parental constituye un factor de riesgo relevante para el desarrollo socioemocional infantil, pero en Latinoamérica no existen instrumentos con evidencia de validez para su evaluación. Objetivo: adaptar y validar el Cuestionario de Impotencia del Cuidador (CHQ) en cuidadores/as chilenos de niños/as de 3-11 años. Método: estudio transversal on-line con 1366 cuidadores (3-5: n = 573; 6-11: n = 793). Tras la traducción, el pilotaje y la validación de contenido por expertos, se evaluó, mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), la estructura de cinco factores propuesta en la literatura. Resultados: el modelo mostró un ajuste adecuado en ambos rangos etarios. La consistencia interna fue adecuada, así como la estabilidad temporal. El índice de validez de contenido global resultó excelente. La validez convergente se evidenció mediante correlaciones positivas y significativas entre el puntaje total del CHQ y medidas de dificultades infantiles (SDQ), estrés parental (PSI-SF), vínculo materno recordado (PBI) y experiencias adversas en la infancia (ACES). Conclusión: estos hallazgos sugieren que la versión chilena del CHQ presenta propiedades psicométricas adecuadas y puede constituir una herramienta clínica y comunitaria potencialmente útil para detectar la desorganización del sistema de cuidado.
Objective: Perinatal mental health is a clinical and public health priority, given the high prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum. This umbrella review is aimed to synthesise the available evidence on the effects of physical exercise on perinatal mental health. Method: The review followed the PRIOR guidelines for umbrella reviews, and the protocol was registered in PROSPERO ID: CRD42024590807. Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to August 2025. The studies included were systematic reviews, with or without meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials, evaluating physical activity, exercise, or body-based interventions in pregnant or postpartum women, compared to non-intervention groups. Methodological quality was assessed using the AMSTAR-2 criteria, and study overlap was examined through the MOoR model. Results: Nineteen systematic reviews were included, covering a total of 26,065 participants. Yoga was the most frequently studied modality and consistently showed beneficial effects in reducing anxiety symptoms. Other interventions, such as walking, aerobic exercise, or pelvic floor training, showed mixed or non-significant results. Limitations were identified, including poor application of the FITT framework and lack of standardisation. Conclusion: These findings suggest that mind-body interventions, particularly yoga, show more consistent associations, whereas the results for conventional forms of physical exercise are mixed. Moreover, they highlight the importance of integrating psychological components into care strategies, promoting a more holistic approach to maternal mental well-being, although research of higher methodological quality is needed to clarify the magnitude and robustness of these effects.
Objective: The reliable assessment of complex caregiver–toddler behaviours continues to be a core challenge in developmental psychology. This study presents a methodological proof-of-concept comparing human evaluators and specific proprietary AI models using a unified, rubric-based multimodal protocol. We analyse how successive iterations of Gemini (1.5, 2.0, 2.5), individual experts, and collaborative student groups interpret and score naturalistic dyadic interactions in Argentina. We note that this asymmetric design—student consensus versus individual experts—confounds rater identity with the evaluation process, and the small sample size restricts statistical power. Method: Five rater groups evaluated videos using a unified 35-item rubric. We combined classical indices (exact percent agreement, weighted kappa, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]) with a hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate rater internal variability and latent video scores. Results: Under the tested priors, the most recent AI (Gemini 2.5) exhibits internal scoring variability comparable to individual experts. However, high precision does not imply high agreement: AI’s scoring pattern departs from experts, yielding low ICC despite moderate exact agreement, indicating that AI is not interchangeable with human judgment. Notably, student groups operating by consensus exhibit the highest precision, illustrating a robust form of ’social wisdom’. Conclusions: The findings highlight the rapid evolution of AI capabilities but underscore the distinct nature of its evaluative patterns compared to humans. We discuss implications for prompt engineering, cultural–linguistic specificity, and the fast pace of model evolution, cautioning that deployment in LMIC settings requires rigorous validation guardrails rather than assumed expert-equivalence.
Introducción: El suicidio es un grave problema de salud pública cuya reducción o prevención puede ser lograda gracias a la adecuada identificación del riesgo en quienes presentan ciertas conductas. La estandarización de un método basado en evidencia para evaluar el riesgo suicida es indispensable en la práctica clínica diaria. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar la adaptación lingüística y psicométrica de la versión en español para Colombia (SpaCO-C-SSRS) de la escala de Columbia para evaluar la gravedad de la ideación suicida en pacientes adultos atendidos en una unidad de salud mental de Bogotá. Método: El diseño fue de validación de escalas con características lingüísticas y psicométricas en individuos mayores de 18 años con trastornos mentales. Se aplicaron los instrumentos SpaCO-C-SSRS y la escala de ideación suicida de Beck (SSI). Resultados: La muestra de 200 sujetos se dividió en pacientes con antecedentes de conducta suicida (CS) y sin ella. La validez discriminante, con la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, demostró diferencias entre individuos con y sin conducta suicida. El coeficiente de Spearman mostró una correlación positiva entre las escalas SpaCO-C-SSRS y la SSI de Beck para el dominio de severidad de la ideación suicida (rho = 0.78). Se obtuvo una adecuada consistencia interna en la subescala de intensidad de la ideación (Omega = 0.70). Se logró un adecuado ajuste en el análisis factorial confirmatorio con el modelo unidimensional. Conclusiones: La versión adaptada de la SpaCO-C-SSRS demostró evidencia robusta de validez de contenido, consistencia interna, validez discriminante y validez de criterio.
Introduction: Although research on decision-making in sport has grown, decisional style has been insufficiently addressed in football and futsal and could be relevant to psychological well-being and technical-tactical performance. Aim: This study aimed to analyse the decisional style of football and futsal players and to compare the results according to the players' sport and gender. Method: The design was descriptive, cross-sectional, comparative, and non- experimental, using the Decision-Making Style Questionnaire in Sport (DSQS). The sample comprised of 280 players from La Rioja region, Spain (207 males and 73 females, aged 10 years or older), 202 were football players (171 men and 31 women) and 78 were futsal players (36 men and 42 women). Results: The comparison of the multivariate effect of gender on the DSQS scales showed that women scored higher in Decision-Related Anxiety and Stress (DRAS), whereas men scored higher in Perceived Decision-Making Competence (PDC). Besides, there are differences according sport modality, since the value of PDC and Engagement in Learning Decisional (ELD) scales are higher in football, and the AAD value is higher in futsal. Conclusions: The player's sport and gender seem to influence the decision-making style, with practical implications highlighted, such as cognitive-behavioural strategies, cognitive-motor training, emotional and autonomy support, and guided feedback. The results open future research lines on both modalities and their comparison by gender.
Introducción: Dado el interés que despierta la alta capacidad como tema de estudio, y que la evidencia actual la reconoce tanto como un factor de riesgo como protector en el desarrollo socioafectivo, este estudio se ha propuesto analizar diferencias en salud mental y bienestar subjetivo entre escolares chilenos con y sin alta capacidad. Método: Se hizo un estudio cuantitativo, explicativo y transversal, utilizando el Test de Matrices Progresivas de Raven Escala General, Escala HADS adaptada y Escala PANAS adaptada. La muestra estuvo conformada por 431 escolares chilenos, entre 10 y 18 años, de los cuales un 42.92 % fue identificado con alta capacidad; de ellos, un 84.32 % participa de un programa de enriquecimiento extracurricular. Las diferencias en salud mental y bienestar subjetivo se analizaron con test de Mann-Whitney, y la interacción entre potencial intelectual y salud mental se analizó con un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Resultados: Se encontraron menores niveles de ansiedad y mayores niveles de afecto positivo en estudiantes con alta capacidad; un efecto negativo, significativo y directo del potencial intelectual sobre la ansiedad, y un efecto negativo, significativo e indirecto del potencial intelectual sobre ansiedad y depresión, mediado por el afecto positivo y negativo. Conclusiones: Se concluye que el potencial intelectual favorecería mayores indicadores de salud mental y bienestar subjetivo, posiblemente gracias a sus cualidades cognitivas y experiencias de enriquecimiento, y que el afecto media la interacción entre potencial intelectual y ansiedad y depresión. Se espera que futuras investigaciones profundicen en ello.
Introducción: Esta investigación tiene como objetivos desarrollar un cuestionario para la población infantil de 3 a 9 años, que permita identificar si se da un uso problemático de las pantallas (Cuestionario de Abuso de Pantallas, CUDAP-N de 3 a 9 años), estudiar sus propiedades psicométricas y obtener evidencias de validez de su estructura interna. Método: Con un diseño prospectivo de grupo único, se ha recogido información de 6054 cuidadores primarios de niños/as de 3 a 9 años. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos y aspectos relacionados con el uso de las pantallas: hábitos de uso, autorregulación y hábitos de uso de los cuidadores principales. Resultados: Se confirma la estructura del instrumento en tres dimensiones y se arrojan datos de fiabilidad del instrumento. Conclusiones: Este tipo de herramientas son útiles y necesarias para conocer cómo es el uso de las pantallas a estas edades, y facilitar el diseño de estrategias de prevención que regulen este comportamiento y se integre el uso de las pantallas de una forma saludable en la población infantil.
Introducción: las representaciones sociales de las altas capacidades intelectuales configuran la manera en que este fenómeno es comprendido y valorado e inciden, de forma decisiva, en las prácticas parentales y en todos los ámbitos psicosociales. Pero no se han encontrado estudios que analicen y comparen las representaciones sociales sobre las altas capacidades en progenitores e hijos con y sin esta neurodivergencia como grupos diferenciados. Este fue el objetivo de la investigación. Método: este estudio transversal mixto aplicó la técnica de asociación libre de palabras y el diferencial semántico a 273 niños/as (132 identificados de altas capacidades) y sus progenitores (N = 280). Cinco jueces categorizaron 1659 palabras. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y diferencias de medias. Resultados: los resultados obtenidos mostraron la heterogeneidad de la representación social y la pervivencia de algunos estereotipos negativos, aunque la valencia y las actitudes fueron mayoritariamente neutras/positivas. Conclusión: esto evidencia la necesidad de programas de sensibilización social y de formación para las familias y la sociedad en general, para garantizar su equidad e inclusión.
Introduction/Objective: Ghosting, defined as the abrupt termination of a relationship without explanation or further contact, has become increasingly common among youth and emerging adults, largely due to the widespread use of digital platforms. This systematic review aims to synthesise empirical evidence on the characteristics of individuals involved in ghosting, their motivations, emotional and psychological consequences, and the instruments used to assess the phenomenon. Method: A total of 11 studies published between 2019 and 2024 were analysed, including 4,981 participants up to 29 years of age. The selected studies employed quantitative, qualitative, mixed, and experimental methodologies. Results: Ghosting is associated with avoidant attachment styles, the need for closure, and specific personality traits among those who ghost, while victims tend to display anxious attachment and high levels of social comparison. Motivations for ghosting are diverse and include conflict avoidance, emotional self-protection, disinterest, and poor communication. Although it is often perceived as a quick and less confrontational way to end a relationship, ghosting can lead to significant psychological effects for both the initiator and the recipient, including anxiety, sadness, guilt, or relief. Digital communication facilitates this behaviour by minimising the discomfort of direct confrontation. Normative perceptions and cultural factors influence its acceptance and emotional consequences. A notable lack of validated and consistent instruments for assessing ghosting was identified. Conclusions: Ghosting can affect the mental health of those involved. Its inclusion in affective-sexual health interventions is recommended, along with the development of valid instruments that allow for rigorous evaluation.
Introduction: Health professionals are particularly vulnerable to various stressors in the work environment, making it essential to study strategies that promote improvements in their well-being. Evidence-based interventions, such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy, are widely recognised for their effectiveness in managing different stressors and disorders. Objective: This review aimed to identify and synthesise Cognitive Behavioural Therapy interventions (online or face-to-face) applied to health professionals in organisational contexts. Method: A systematic literature review was conducted of articles addressing Cognitive Behavioural Therapy interventions (online or in-person) applied to healthcare professionals in organisational settings. The search for primary studies was conducted in January 2025 in the following databases: PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Web of Science, and B-ON. Results: A total of 1,579 studies were identified, of which 13 met the eligibility criteria. The study characteristics, individual and organisational outcomes assessed, evaluation time points, and the method, model, and description of the interventions were analysed. Conclusion: The interventions identified included combinations with mindfulness and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, demonstrating efficacy in reducing stress, psychological distress, fatigue, insomnia, depression, anxiety, emotional exhaustion, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, alcohol consumption and distress. At the same time, they promoted increased resilience, psychological well-being, mental health, psychological flexibility and normalisation.
|Introduction/Aim: The Behavioral Activation Scale for Depression-Short Form (BADS-SF-8) is an instrument that assesses activation, that is, participation in meaningful activities, and avoidance, or the tendency to avoid negative thoughts and emotions. This study aimed to analyse the internal structure of the BADS-SF and its relationship with other psychological variables. Method: In a sample of 530 participants, the structure, validity, invariance, and internal consistency of the BADS-SF were examined. Additionally, its correlation with measures of emotional symptomatology and other related constructs such as psychological inflexibility, environmental suppressors, probability of reinforcement, values, and automatic thoughts was explored. Results: The BADS-SF showed adequate internal consistency, both in the total scale and in its factors. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a clear two-factor structure, which was invariant across sex and levels of depressive symptoms. The scale also demonstrated validity by correlating significantly (p <.05) with measures of emotional symptomatology and other relevant theoretical constructs. Conclusions: The BADS-SF is a reliable and valid tool for assessing the processes of activation and avoidance. Our findings support the usefulness of the 8-item version of the BADS-SF for the Colombian population as a sensitive and brief resource for mental health research and behavioural activation therapy.
| Introduction: Prevalence studies on specific learning disorders have reported significant variations. In Latin America, these percentages tend to be notably higher, with marked differences between school type and grade level. In Ecuador, research on this topic is very limited, making the present study an original contribution. Objective: This study reviews the prevalence of specific learning disorders in a random, stratified, probabilistic sample of 1,228 fourth-and sixth-grade students, comparing sex, school type, and grade level (Inclusion criteria: 1. enrollment in participating schools; 2. absence of disability-related educational needs; 3. IQ >= 85; 4. parental consent; and 5. >= 2 years of formal reading-writing instruction). Method: We used Raven's Progressive Matrices, Badyg E2 and E3, and PROLEC R. Results. The results revealed the prevalence of dyslexia to be at 25.8%, with dyscalculia being at 13.7%. The prevalence of specific learning disorders was significantly higher in public schools compared to private schools. Fourth-grade students had a significantly lower percentage of dyscalculia compared to sixth-grade students. No differences were observed based on sex. Conclusion: These findings underscore the potential role played by environmental factors, such as socioeconomic status, in shaping learning difficulties, particularly in public schools. In Latin American countries, impoverished environments, poverty, family stress, limited access to educational materials, and low parental educational levels have a profound impact on cognitive development and learning outcomes. These factors must be carefully considered when evaluating and addressing learning difficulties, as they are often fundamental contributors to the challenges students face.
Introduction: Death anxiety is a commonly experienced emotional response that emerges from the perception of danger inherent in existence, an area that has received limited research attention in Colombia. Method: The aim of this study was to analyse the psychometric properties of the DAS within the Colombian general population. The cross-cultural adaptation of the scale was conducted. Validity and reliability calculations, as well as Rasch Analysis was carried out. The EFA revealed a three-factor structure, validated by Confirmatory Analysis, demonstrating an appropriate model fit. Results: The results indicate that the Colombian-Spanish version of the DAS is a valuable tool (with KR-20 0.66, Cronbach Alpha: 0.66; McDonald’s Omega: 0.7; Guttman’s Lambda: 0.68; and GL B: 0.77) for assessing levels of death anxiety in the Colombian non-clinical population. Conclusion: The Colombian background of DA is shaped by a history of armed conflict and violence marked by systematic breaches of human rights. DA worsens when individuals believe that their personal safety is in risk, which happens frequently in this country. Therefore, validating a scale that allows for the assessment of DA in both clinical and non-clinical groups is pertinent and coherent.
| Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent difficulties in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior. Although Colombia has policies promoting inclusive education, the actual access of autistic students to the public education system remains unclear. This study had three objectives: (1) to estimate the prevalence of ASD and its geographic distribution in public schools in Bogot & aacute;, (2) to compare educational data with sources from the health system and other national databases, and (3) to analyze the relationship between ASD prevalence and other school-related conditions. Method: Administrative records provided by Bogot & aacute;'s Secretary of Education were analyzed for 96 city sectors between 2019 and 2021. Descriptive, comparative, and correlational analyses were conducted. Results: The prevalence was 11.0 per 10,000 students in 2019, increased to 13.8 in 2020, and decreased to 11.4 in 2021. La Sabana and Modelia had the highest prevalence levels. Compared to the health system and national education data, local prevalence rates were higher in most years. Positive correlations were found between ASD prevalence and the presence of other disabilities, while a negative correlation was observed with the proportion of students from ethnic minority groups. No significant associations were found with the number of training sessions or the student-teacher ratio. Discussion: The findings reveal a geographically unequal distribution of ASD prevalence and suggest the presence of structural barriers to diagnosis in certain populations. The results have implications for designing more equitable public policies in inclusive education.
| Introduction: Given the interest in giftedness as a subject of study and the fact that current evidence recognizes it as both a risk factor and a protective factor in socio-emotional development, this study aims to analyze differences in mental health and subjective well-being among gifted Chilean schoolchildren. Method: A quantitative, explanatory, cross-sectional study was conducted using Raven's Progressive Matrices General Scale, the adapted HADS Scale, and the adapted PANAS Scale. The sample consisted of 431 Chilean schoolchildren between the ages of 10 and 18, of whom 42.92% were identified as gifted; of these, 84.32% participate in an extracurricular enrichment program. Differences in mental health and subjective well-being were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test, and the interaction between intellectual potential and mental health was analyzed using a structural equation model. Results: Lower levels of anxiety and higher levels of positive affect were found in students with high ability, a significant and direct negative effect of intellectual potential on anxiety, and a significant and indirect negative effect of intellectual potential on anxiety and depression, mediated by positive and negative affect. Conclusions: It is concluded that intellectual potential would favor higher indicators of mental health and subjective well-being, possibly thanks to its cognitive qualities and enriching experiences, and that affect mediates the interaction between intellectual potential and anxiety and depression. Future research is expected to delve deeper into this.
|Introduction/Objectives: Traditional models of associative learning predict that redundant stimuli acquire lower associative value than those that provide unique information about the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus. However, recent studies have demonstrated the redundancy effect, whereby a redundant stimulus in a blocking procedure (A+ AX+) is rated more highly than another redundant stimulus trained in a discrimination procedure (BY+ CY-). One theoretical account for this finding proposes the inclusion of a common cue in the Rescorla and Wagner model, which may reflect stimulus similarity, including temporal features. The present study aimed to empirically test this hypothesis by manipulating the temporal congruence between stimulus duration and the intertrial interval. Method: Forty-eight participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a congruent group (same duration and interval: 1-1 s or 10-10 or an incongruent group (different duration and interval: 1-10 s or 10-1 s). All participants completed a predictive learning task based on judgments of allergic food reactions. The experimental design included conditions of blocking (A+, AX+), discrimination (BY+, CY-), and overshadowing (DW+). Results: Both the blocking effect (W > X) and the redundancy effect (X > Y) were observed across groups. Conclusions: The findings support the robustness of the redundancy effect in human causal learning but provide no empirical evidence that the common cue is based on the temporal characteristics of the stimuli.
Introduction: Social representations of giftedness shape the way this phenomenon is understood and valued and have a decisive impact on parenting practices and all psychosocial areas. However, no studies have been found that analyse and compare social representations of giftedness in parents and children with and without this neurodivergence as distinct groups. This was the aim of the research. Method: This mixed cross-sectional study applied the free word association technique and the semantic differential to 273 children (132 identified as gifted) and their parents (N = 280). 1659 words were categorized by five judges. Descriptive analyses and differences in means were performed. Results: The results obtained showed the heterogeneity of social representation and the persistence of some negative stereotypes, although the valence and attitudes were mostly neutral/positive. Conclusion: This shows the need for social awareness programs, for families and in to ensure their and inclusion.
Introduction/ Objective: Forgiveness not only plays a fundamental role in coexistence and the restoration of interpersonal relationships, but scientific evidence has also revealed its positive effects on health and well-being. There is a growing interest in having measurement instruments, particularly in certain contexts and countries where research is limited. This study aims to validate Enright’s Forgiveness Inventory (Subkoviak et al., 1995), one of the most widely used instruments internationally in its shortened version (EFI-30, Enright et al., 2022), in the Cuban population. Method: A sample of 602 participants (61.6% women), between 18 and 87 years of age (M = 30.1 years; SD = 15.3), was used to validate the EFI-30 through confirmatory factor analysis and other correlational tests. Results: The original structure of the EFI-30 was confirmed, and both the fit indices and internal consistency were adequate. The construct validity and partial associations between the subconstructs of the EFI-30 and general health status were verified, highlighting its relevance for well-being. In addition, this study examined the differences in gender, age, and educational level. Conclusions: As the first study to validate the EFI-30 in the Cuban population, these findings support its usability in this cultural setting. It is concluded that the EFI-30 is a relevant tool for assessment and intervention in the clinical, psychosocial, and educational fields.
