The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has thus far killed over 3,000 people and infected over 80,000 in China and elsewhere in the world, resulting in catastrophe for humans. Similar to its homologous virus, SARS-CoV, which caused SARS in thousands of people in 2003, SARS-CoV-2 might also be transmitted from the bats and causes similar symptoms through a similar mechanism. However, COVID-19 has lower severity and mortality than SARS but is much more transmissive and affects more elderly individuals than youth and more men than women. In response to the rapidly increasing number of publications on the emerging disease, this article attempts to provide a timely and comprehensive review of the swiftly developing research subject. We will cover the basics about the epidemiology, etiology, virology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of the disease. Although many questions still require answers, we hope that this review helps in the understanding and eradication of the threatening disease.
Using information technology and traditional oriental medicine research, we have screened 5 Vietnamese herbs that contain active ingredients with antiviral effects. Andrographispaniculata, Syzygiumaromaum, Zingiber officinale Rose, Houttuyniacordata, Glycyrrhizauralensis Fisch. The active ingredients in herbs are extracted by ultrasound in a water-ethanol solvent system and made in the form of a nanometer complex, then mixed in specified proportions to form the product. The product was evaluated cytotoxicity by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and evaluated the growth inhibition effect of H5N1 virus. Result: The complex of active ingredients in the composition has the nanometer size, the main size is 443 nm, the zeta potential is -11.9 mV. The inhibitory activity of the H5N1 virus was dose-dependent, and a concentration of 3 mg/mL completely inhibited the growth of the H5N1 virus in the erythrocyte agglutination test.
In optimization studies, it is important to study the retention behavior of the compounds containing the ionizable functional groups under the intended chromatographic conditions. In this study, the influence of pH and acetonitrile (ACN) composition in the mobile phase on chromatographic behavior of tofacitinib (TOF), a Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor, was thoroughly investigated. First, the chromatographic conditions were optimized using retention factors and pKa values. Then, the developed method was used for the stability studies under various stress conditions, and for the estimation of TOF concentration in tablets. Finally, the method was verified using the International Conference on Harmonization procedure (ICH-Q2) and was successfully used to separate the TOF degradation products. A linearity range, the limits of detection and quantification were confirmed as 2.0-12.0, 0.416, and 1.260 μg/mL, respectively. Between-day and within-day accuracy (RSD%) were found to be as 0.290 and 0.462 for 4 μg/mL, respectively. The result indicates that the developed method is rather effective to isolate the parent drug from the degradation elements.
The COVID-19 flare-up has energized a worldwide interest for compelling determination and treatment just as relief of the spread of disease, all through enormous scope approaches like explicit elective antiviral techniques and traditional sanitization conventions. In light of a wealth of designed materials recognizable by their valuable physicochemical properties through adaptable synthetic functionalization, nanotechnology offers various ways to deal with adapt to this crisis. Here, through a multidisciplinary Perspective incorporating different fields like virology, science, medication, designing, science, materials science, and computational science, we layout how nanotechnology-based systems can uphold the battle against COVID-19, just as irresistible sicknesses as a rule, including future pandemics.
The ideal treatment for the Covid 19 virus is a vaccine but these need updating to work against new variants. This note, written by an engineer with no medical qualifications beyond a recovery from a mild Covid infection, suggests a parallel and complementary treatment. In 1843 a Polish doctor Felix Boczkowski noticed that people working in salt mines never had any lung problems. If you put ‘Polish doctor salt mines’ into Google you will get a deluge. Asthmatic children in Eastern Europe are given breathing exercises in salt mines
The concern of this mini review is to feature the natural nanomaterial bionanocellulose (BNC) and its potential as a novel type of biomaterial for applications in regenerative medicine. The hydrogel BNC is characterized by high purity, dimensional stability and good surgical handling. A fundamental current progress is the biotechnological design of shape, dimensions, nanofibernetwork and surface properties of the BNC materials. The corresponding templatebased technology allows the tailoring of implants for quite different organs such as urgently needed small diameter blood vessel substitutes, bile duct and ureter implants. Further application fields are advanced wound dressings and controlled release scaffolds.
Investigation of heart valve cryopreservation has been employed as a model for development of new methods of tissue preservation based upon vitrification and nanowarming using Fe nanoparticles. Cryoprotectant cytotoxicity can be reduced by performing the last cryoprotectant/nanoparticle exposure step below zero degrees centigrade at -10C. Tissue viability outcomes can be improved by supplementation of cryoprotectant formulations with disaccharides and nanowarming can rewarm such complex tissues with retention of cell viability from storage temperatures below -135oC to -25oC in 80-100 seconds. It is anticipated that ice-free tissue cryopreservation methods for tissues up to 50 mLs can be developed that do not require the use of nanowarming, since we are already close to achieving this with heart valves at 30 mL volumes. However, at larger volumes nanowarming will likely continue to be the best warming method for retention of tissue cell viability. Further studies to optimize cryopreservation of cardiac muscle, the somewhat fibrous muscle band at the base of heart valves, and pulmonary and aortic arteries need to be performed since it is clear that different heart valve components vary in their preservation requirements. It is anticipated that other complex tissues may also have components with different cryopreservation requirements including nanowarming.
Diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) are considered to be some of the most debilitating conditions worldwide. The range of standard therapies for disorders affecting CNS is largely limited for many patients. Nonetheless, nanoparticle-based drug delivery offers itself to be a promising strategy for effective drug delivery into the brain, addressing the frequently arising complications with blood-brain barrier crossing. This study compared the drug adsorption ability and the surface chemistry of two types of silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs). Si- NPs were prepared using two methods: electrochemical etching of Si wafers (Si-E) and low-pressure plasma synthesis (Si-P). Silicon nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen physisorption (method of Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) and method of Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET)). The size and morphology were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) linked with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively. The concentration of the drug substance that was captured by the silicon-based drug delivery system was determined by ultra high-performance liquid-chromatography-diode-array (UHPLC-DAD) method. Results of XPS showed that the Si-E are more oxidized than Si-P. The BET analysis showed us that the Si-E have more surface area, pore volume and grain size then the Si-P, and Si-P have a bigger pore size than Si-E. We also demonstrated by XRD that silicon nanoparticles prepared by both methods have a crystalline structure. The Si-P adsorption analysis of the model compound (ferulic acid) showed better adsorption ability than Si-E. The size of the Si-P (40- 120 nm) was also measured by HRTEM.
The latest development in orthopaedics is the advent of silver nano particles and their applications in nano medicine. Silver nano dots in the size range of ≤ 20 nm can be studied to analyze their usage in the field of orthopaedics. They can be used in bone cement which are used as artificial bpne replacement. Bone cements have been used very successfully to anchor artificial joints like hip joints, knee joints, shoulder and elbow joints in suffering patients in the field of ortho paedic medicine. Polymethyl methacrylate loaded with nanosilver is being considered as bone cement as the nano silver can induce very high antimicrobial activity essential for the killing of infectious microorganisms known for their anti-resistance to currently available antibiotics and antiseptics.The free space between the bone and the prosthesis is filled with bone cement which acts like a elastic buffer zone. This is necessary because the body weight and the bone cement must absorb the forces acting on the body to ensure that the artificial medical implant remains in place over the long term. In this study, we analyze silver nano dots encapsulated bone cement for medical purposes which can prevent surgical infection in replacement surgeries drastically than the methods currently in use. Also in this study it was found due their unique properties they can accelerate the wound healing process at a faster rate than the rest of the conventional methods practiced in the ortho paedics field.
