Background: People with intellectual disability (ID) are at increased risk of tobacco use, yet their perspectives and those of their families and professionals are understudied. Method: This qualitative study explored experiences and views on smoking among 12 adults with ID who smoke, 9 family members, and 11 support professionals from day services. Semi-structured interviews were analysed using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Four themes emerged: initiation of smoking, reasons for smoking, addressing tobacco use, and facilitators and barriers to cessation. Smoking typically began in adolescence through social influence, became part of daily routines, was managed through permissive support practices, and was hindered by limited cessation awareness. Results: Tensions arose between autonomy, smoking behaviours, and cessation approaches. Despite awareness of health risks, participants showed limited knowledge of psychological cessation aids and lacked sufficient support to quit. Conclusions: Effective cessation interventions should be evidence-based, rights-oriented, and person-centred, addressing both individual motivations and contextual influences. Adults with intellectual disability (ID) often start smoking during adolescence, influenced by peers and social norms. Smoking becomes part of daily routines, provides social belonging, and serves to express autonomy and self-determination, highlighting the complex social and emotional functions of tobacco use. Support providers in day services balance autonomy with safety, often normalizing smoking within routines. Limited knowledge of cessation tools and interventions hinders quitting, while social support emerges as a key facilitator, underscoring the need for tailored, evidence-based strategies that integrate both individual and contextual factors. Including lived experiences of people with ID in tobacco research is crucial for designing effective tailored, evidence- and rights-based interventions that promote informed, healthy choices within a person-centred approach considering context and support networks.
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the RS-14 Resilience Scale in Colombian victims of armed conflict and forced displacement. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using diagonally weighted least squares estimation was conducted on a sample of 613 victims of violence aged 18 to 65 years. The results indicated high levels of resilience (M = 78.40) and showed that, after removing items 5, 7, and 10, the unidimensional model (Model 5), controlling for age and sex, demonstrated a significantly better fit compared to the other models (CFI = .89, IFI = .89, GFI = .98, AGFI = .98, RNI = .89, RMSEA = .08, SRMR = .04). The refined model also showed high internal consistency (α = .87, ω = .87). These findings suggest that the RS-14, under an adjusted unidimensional structure, is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing resilience in populations exposed to prolonged violence and extreme trauma.
