Abstract The rapid evolution of nanotechnology has opened up transformative opportunities in biomedical diagnostics and therapeutics. Recently, a surge of research has underscored the remarkable progress achieved by bismuth-based nanomaterials in areas such as biomedical imaging, antibacterial therapy, and anticancer interventions, owing to their straightforward synthesis, excellent biocompatibility, and unique physicochemical attributes derived from their distinctive atomic structure. Consequently, bismuth-based nanomaterials are emerging as highly promising candidates for biomedical applications. This review comprehensively summarizes the state-of-the-art fabrication techniques for bismuth-based nanomaterials, investigates light-activated theranostic approaches, and evaluates the key factors influencing their therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, it highlights the emerging biomedical potential of these nanomaterials and discusses prospective future development directions informed by recent advancements in the field. By providing critical insights, this research not only expands the application landscape of bismuth-based nanomaterials but also offers valuable guidance for designing high-performance, multifunctional nanosystems. Ultimately, it aims to accelerate the discovery of innovative nanomaterials that meet the growing demands for sustainable and health-focused solutions.
Abstract Lithium-ion batteries play a vital role in the fields of electrification and spur the development of sustainable and high-performance cathodes. The paper will be a comprehensive analysis of the paper with a discussion of the traditional cathode materials and their limitations. The paper under review discusses the evolution of Full Manganese-Based Cathode Materials as alternatives to traditional cobalt- and nickel-based systems that are more cost-effective. It discusses major synthesis techniques, structurally related (spinel, layered, and cation-disordered rock-salt), and compositional engineering approaches. The key discoveries point to the benefits of Full Manganese-Based Cathode Materials in terms of cost and thermal stability and such serious challenges as manganese dissolution and Jahn-Teller distortion. The review mentions some of the innovative mitigation measures such as entropy stabilization and anionic redox engineering. To conclude, the current research on such materials is needed to produce the next generation of high-energy and sustainable Lithium-ion batteries.
Abstract The surging popularity of electric vehicles and electronic devices used in portable electronics has intensified the need to develop lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with higher energy density, faster charge-discharge capabilities, and longer cycle life. However, traditional intercalation-based electrodes face challenges such as low capacity, sluggish reaction kinetics, and structural degradation. To address these issues, nanoparticle engineering has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance lithium storage performance. In this context, this review summarizes the applications of metallic and metal-oxide nanoparticles in improving LIB electrodes. Specifically, metallic nanoparticles (Ni, Fe, Cu, Ag, and Co) selected for their high electrical conductivity, favorable work functions, catalytic activity, and natural abundance, primarily serve as conductive enhancers, electrocatalysts, and structural stabilizers that promote efficient charge transfer, regulate SEI formation, and reduce mechanical stress within the electrodes. In contrast, metal-oxide nanoparticles (such as TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , and ZnO) function as high-capacity anode materials. Their nanoscale structure and integration with carbon materials are designed to overcome poor electrical conductivity and the problem of volume expansion during cycling. Moreover, advanced synthesis methods, including heterostructures, carbon-confined structures, defect engineering, and MOF-derived materials are discussed for their roles in enabling multi-electron storage, improving rate capability, and achieving long-term cycling stability.
Abstract Ceramic coatings are widely employed in defense applications due to their exceptional hardness, thermal stability, chemical resistance, and lightweight protective capabilities. Nevertheless, their practical performance is often constrained by inadequate interfacial bonding, intrinsic brittleness, and degradation under severe thermal and mechanical conditions. The incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has emerged as an effective strategy to overcome these limitations. CNT reinforcement enhances ceramic coatings through nanoscale toughening mechanisms, including crack bridging, crack deflection, and pull-out, while simultaneously improving electrical conductivity and thermal transport properties. Recent developments demonstrate that CNT integration into ceramic systems such as alumina, zirconia, titania, silica, magnesia, and zinc oxide significantly improves fracture toughness, adhesion strength, and durability. These multifunctional enhancements are highly relevant to advanced defense technologies, including aerospace propulsion components, ballistic protection systems, marine infrastructures, and military electronics. This review critically examines recent progress in CNT-reinforced ceramic coatings, with particular emphasis on interfacial bonding strategies, mechanical performance, processing techniques, and multifunctional behavior. The discussion outlines current challenges and future prospects, positioning CNT-ceramic coatings as promising next-generation materials for high-performance military and protective applications.
Abstract Polynuclear silver complexes (PNSCs), formed through the coordination of multiple silver ions, constitute a structurally diverse class of compounds with broad scientific relevance. In this review, PNSCs synthesis methods, challenges faced in the synthesis and their possible solution are discussed. Furthermore, key structural features and factors that strongly influenced the geometry and diversity of the complexes are described in detail; particular attention is given to ligand nature, solvent nature, counter-ions, and thermodynamic parameters. To highlight their emerging biomedical applications, a wide range of biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and wound-healing are depicted in the manuscript. Besides, practices in catalysis and hydrogen storage are also explained to explore their role in material science. Lastly, to expedite future research on PNSCs, potential future directions have been given for further exploration. The knowledge gained through this review will not only advance understanding of the chemistry of PNSCs’ but also underscore their importance in both health-related and materials research.
Abstract The escalating urgency to mitigate climate change has intensified global interest in technologies that transform carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from an environmental liability into a valuable resource. This review provides a critical and comprehensive assessment of recent advancements in CO 2 conversion technologies, with particular emphasis on their integration into modern power generation systems. Key industrial pathways – including catalytic methanation, electrochemical CO 2 reduction, and synthetic fuel synthesis – are systematically evaluated in terms of conversion efficiency, technological maturity, scalability, and techno-economic feasibility. Current studies indicate that catalytic methanation can achieve CO 2 conversion efficiencies approaching 85 %, while advanced electrochemical reduction systems reach efficiencies of nearly 70 %, depending on catalyst architecture and energy input. These processes demonstrate energy conversion yields of approximately 1.8–2.5 MJ per kilogram of CO 2 , highlighting their potential for grid-scale energy storage and the decarbonization of power infrastructure. Furthermore, techno-economic analyses suggest that coupling CO 2 conversion with existing fossil-fuel-based power plants could reduce net carbon emissions by 20–30 % while enabling the production of value-added fuels and chemicals. Emerging innovations – including artificial intelligence-assisted catalyst discovery, process optimization, and smart energy management – are also examined for their role in accelerating technological maturity and industrial deployment. Collectively, this review underscores that strategic integration of CO 2 utilization technologies, supported by continued innovation and forward-looking policy frameworks, could play a transformative role in advancing circular carbon economies and achieving long-term global energy sustainability.
Abstract The detection of latent fingerprint remains one of the most important aspects in forensic science for individual identification and crime investigations. However, traditional detection techniques frequently struggle with insufficient contrast, chemical toxicity and background interference on complex and multicoloured surfaces. Therefore, phosphors have acquired a significant attention among forensic scientists. Especially, the rare-earth activated phosphors, owing to their distinctive and highly efficient luminescent characteristics. Researchers have developed a wide range of rare-earth activated phosphors over the years. Which has made the visualization of latent fingerprints easier, on various types of surfaces with varying nature. This review systematically examines the rare-earth activated phosphors and their development as a superior alternative to the traditional materials, With an emphasis on their ability to produce level-3 fingerprint features. Furthermore, this review evaluates the effects of surface modifications on the adhesion, longevity and the performance of the rare-earth activated phosphors in the visualization of latent fingerprints, substantiating them as a vital tool in forensic science.
Abstract Inorganic and molecular photocatalysts represent two powerful yet historically distinct pathways for solar energy conversion. This review argues that their convergence, guided by rational ligand design, is the key to next-generation device performance. We bridge the gap between robust inorganic semiconductors, such as metal oxides, chalcogenides, and perovskites, and tunable molecular components, including bio-inspired and synthetic ligand systems. The discussion is structured around their integration into key device architectures: Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs), Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs), and Photoelectrochemical Cells (PECs), where ligands dynamically govern interfacial processes. Beyond fundamental roles, we explore advanced architectural strategies like heterojunction engineering and nanostructuring, which are enhanced by tailored ligands. Critical challenges at the hybrid interface, such as the stability, charge transport trade-off, are analyzed to outline a pragmatic research agenda. Future progress hinges on bio-inspiration, computational material screening, and sustainable design, ultimately advancing toward adaptive, smart interfaces. By framing the journey from ligand design to device integration, this review underscores that the strategic fusion of inorganic and molecular photochemistry is essential for efficient, durable, and scalable solar energy technologies.
Abstract The rapid growth of wireless communication technologies has increased the need for effective microwave shielding to ensure device reliability and reduce electromagnetic pollution. Polymer composites have become viable alternatives to traditional metal-based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding due to their lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and tunable electrical, magnetic, and mechanical properties. However, conventional highly conductive shields, which primarily reflect incident waves, can lead to secondary electromagnetic interference. The challenge is to develop absorption-dominant, “green” EMI shields, which requires careful material selection and innovative structural design. This review provides an in-depth analysis of recent developments in EMI shielding materials, focusing on carbon-based nanomaterials, metals and alloys, MXenes, and polymer-based composites. It explores the underlying shielding mechanisms, including dielectric loss, magnetic loss, and internal multi-reflections, along with structural features and processing strategies. Emphasis is placed on techniques to maximize absorption and minimize reflection, such as gradient conductivity, porous structures, and multilayered interfaces. Finally, the review discusses future challenges and highlights the need for scalable fabrication of impedance-matched, absorption-dominant structures to meet the demands of future electronic and aerospace applications.
Abstract Fuel cells are emerging as a clean, efficient, and versatile energy technology capable of converting chemical energy directly into electricity with minimal environmental impact. Low- and intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LT-/IT-SOFCs) have gained significant attention due to their potential for high efficiency and fuel flexibility at reduced operating temperatures. This review focuses on recent advances in material design strategies for fuel cells, emphasizing electrolytes, anodes, and cathodes. High-performance electrolyte materials, including perovskite-based, doped ceria/zirconia, and proton-conducting oxides, have demonstrated enhanced ionic conductivity, structural stability, and durability under low-temperature operation. Ni-based cermet anodes, perovskite anodes, and transition-metal-modified composites have improved fuel utilization, carbon tolerance, and electrochemical activity. Material innovations such as multi-element doping, nanostructuring, and thin-film engineering have been important in achieving higher power densities and long-term stability.
Abstract Fe(III) complexes are capable of exhibiting a spin transition between high spin and low spin states under the influence of external stimuli, such as temperature, pressure, photoradiation, phase change, etc . In this case, the structural and magnetic characteristics change without changing the composition. The creation of new spin-crossover compounds with predetermined switching properties is important for applied purposes. This review collects and summarizes the results of the synthesis and study of the spin-crossover properties of Fe(III) complexes with symmetric tetradentate Schiff bases. The influence of the molecular structure on the spin-crossover properties is considered. A unique feature of tetradentate ligands is the possibility of obtaining both mononuclear and polynuclear Fe(III) complexes on their basis. The presence of an axial ligand is an additional channel for controlling the spin-crossover properties in addition to equatorial ligands, counterions, and solvated molecules.
Abstract In recent years, the demand for catalytic devices in renewable energy applications has grown rapidly. HEMs characterized by their distinct atomic configurations, exhibit excellent chemical stability, corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and favorable thermal stability, making them advantageous for modern catalytic technologies. This article summarizes the fundamental definition and synthetic approaches of HEMs and investigates the influencing factors of photocatalytic activity from four aspects: semiconductor band structure, charge carrier separation and migration characteristics, catalyst surface activity, and environmental parameters. Moreover, the design and preparation of HEM photocatalysts by adjusting component ratio, optimizing lattice defects, and regulating electronic structure are mainly introduced. Finally, the broad application prospects of HEMs in fields such as photocatalysis, energy conversion and storage are presented. Given the rapid development and transformative potential of HEMs in photocatalysis, a systematic review is essential to consolidate recent advances, clarify design principles, and guide future research toward efficient and stable photocatalytic systems.
Abstract This article summarizes the preparation methods and properties of FeO 4 3− (V), FeO 4 4− (IV), and FeO 3 2− (IV). The oxidative capacities of FeO 4 3− (V) and FeO 3 2− (IV) in water treatment applications are discussed, and the factors influencing these reactivities are explored. Thorough analysis reveals that ferrate(VI) generates intermediate species FeO 4 3− (V) and FeO 3 2− (IV) during self-decay and activation processes. Notably, the formation of FeO 4 3− (V) significantly enhances the efficiency of organic pollutant degradation; under both acidic and alkaline conditions, the oxidative capacity of FeO 4 3− (V) exceeds that of FeO 4 2− (VI). Under alkaline conditions, the oxidative capacity of FeO 4 3− (V) even surpasses that of SO 4 •- and • OH. The oxidative capacity of FeO 3 2− (IV) is not as strong as previously reported; under alkaline conditions, it has a higher oxidative capacity than FeO 4 2− (VI), whereas under acidic conditions, it has a lower oxidative capacity than FeO 4 2− (VI).
Abstract High-entropy inorganic solids have rapidly emerged as a transformative class of catalytic materials, distinguished by multication sublattices, severe lattice distortions, and entropy-stabilized phase complexity that collectively generate diverse and tunable active sites. Despite this progress, the literature remains fragmented, with limited integration of defect chemistry, local disorder, and dynamic surface reconstruction across oxide, sulfide, and oxynitride systems. This review presents a unifying inorganic-chemistry perspective on defect-engineered high-entropy oxides, sulfides, and oxynitrides for solar-driven and electrochemical energy conversion. It systematically elucidates the thermodynamic and electronic consequences of configurational entropy, alongside the formation, modulation, and catalytic roles of anion vacancies (O, S, N), cation disorder, lattice strain, and mixed-valence states. Synthetic strategies are critically evaluated in terms of their ability to precisely engineer these defect landscapes. Advanced ex situ, in situ , and operando characterization techniques are consolidated with emerging computational descriptors to decode active-site evolution under working conditions. Furthermore, the review establishes robust structure–performance relationships across key reactions, including photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, pollutant degradation, carbon dioxide reduction, and electrocatalytic OER, HER, and ORR. Critical challenges are identified in quantitative defect characterization, reproducibility, benchmarking protocols, and mechanistic clarity, alongside pathways toward scalable catalyst design. By bridging defect chemistry with catalytic functionality across multiple anion frameworks, this work delivers a cohesive and forward-looking blueprint for the rational design of next-generation high-entropy catalytic systems.
Abstract Depleting sources of fossil fuels combined with skyrocketing demands of energy to fuel the modern civilization has left us scrambling for sustainable energy sources. Devices for efficiently converting renewable energy sources or storing the produced green energy will drive the research for green energy solutions in future. Electrocatalytic water splitting which comprises of two half-cell reactions the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is promising for generation of hydrogen which is a green energy source. Materials which act as electrodes for the electrocatalysis are being investigated right now. Similarly materials which may form the electrodes for the storage devices like batteries and supercapacitors are also in high demand. Molybdenum carbides and oxides have emerged as alternatives to traditionally used noble metal based materials for these purposes. They improve the commercial viability of the process. It has been observed that porous nature of the materials which provides electrocatalytic reaction sites, allows seamless material transport across them and has high conductivity, improves the efficiency of these materials. Now a days nanohybrid materials derived from molybdenum bearing/enriched MOFs which fits these requirements are being used as electrode materials quite frequently with satisfactory results.
Abstract Hydrogen is increasingly recognized as a key energy carrier for low-carbon energy systems because it can support renewable energy storage, industrial decarbonization, clean transport, and distributed power generation. However, large-scale deployment remains constrained by high production costs, storage and distribution losses, infrastructure gaps, fuel-cell durability limitations, and inconsistent sustainability assessment. This review provides an integrated evaluation of hydrogen and fuel cell technologies across the full value chain, including production, storage, distribution, utilization, techno-economic performance, life-cycle impacts, and policy readiness. Fossil-based hydrogen with and without carbon capture, renewable electrolysis, and waste-to-hydrogen pathways are compared using common indicators, including efficiency, carbon intensity, maturity, scalability, and infrastructure dependence. The review shows that no hydrogen pathway is universally optimal; deployment suitability depends on regional electricity mix, feedstock availability, storage route, transport distance, end-use sector, and regulatory support. The study highlights system integration, digital optimization, circular-economy strategies, standard certification, and coordinated infrastructure planning as essential requirements for commercially viable low-carbon hydrogen systems.
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and fatal brain tumors in adults, marked by high recurrence rates, poor prognosis, and a median survival of less than 5 %. Its treatment remains a major challenge due to resistance to conventional therapies and the difficulty of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Despite advancements in surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, GBM’s prognosis remains dismal. This study highlights the emerging potential of metal complexes as therapeutic agents against GBM. Compounds based on metals like ruthenium (Ru), copper (Cu), gold (Au), and platinum (Pt) have shown the ability to induce cytotoxicity through DNA interaction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Notably, in U-251 cells, compounds C45 (0.51 µM), C46 (0.49 µM), C47 (0.29 µM), and C52 (0.25 µM) demonstrated strong potency. In U-87 MG cells, C53 (15.72 nM) and C54 (8.48 nM) were particularly effective. Meanwhile, LN229 cells responded moderately to C77 (1.80 µM), C79 (0.88 µM), and C80 (0.96 µM). These findings suggest that U-251 and U-87 MG cells are more responsive to these metal complexes. Overall, the study underscores the promise of metal-based therapeutics in overcoming the BBB and drug resistance, offering a pathway toward safer, more effective, and environmentally conscious GBM treatments.
The factors that have intensified the aggressiveness of environmental pollution and the necessity to possess clean energy all across the globe have contributed to intensifying the desire to possess solar-powered photocatalytic technology. Due to its non-toxicity and low cost, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is one of the most investigated photocatalysts, which is chemically stable. However, because of its high bandgap (about 3.2 eV), photoactivation can only occur in the ultraviolet light (only a small fraction of the solar spectrum), so this limits its use in natural sunlight. To counter this weakness, the current research has been directed to the extension of the optical response of TiO 2 into the visible spectrum. The current efforts to enhance the TiO 2 photocatalytic performance are introduced in this review: non-metal doping, surface engineering, heterojunction design, incorporation of plasmonic/light-scattering nanostructures, and nanostructure design. These modifications improve the absorption in the visible-light region, decrease charge-carrier recombination, and improve interfacial charge transfer. The advances of synthesis techniques, which enable the composition and morphology to be controlled with high precision, are also stated. The developed TiO 2 -based photocatalysts are better in the application of degradation of environmental pollutants, photocatalytic hydrogen generation, and CO 2 conversion under a specified experimental setup. Finally, the review indicates the prevailing conditions or the way forward for the rational design of efficient TiO 2 photocatalysts for sustainable environmental and energy-relevant applications.
Magnesium hydride (MgH2) is recognized as a promising solid-state hydrogen storage material due to its high theoretical hydrogen capacity (7.6 wt%), low cost, and abundance. However, its practical application is hindered by high thermodynamic stability, slow hydrogenation-dehydrogenation kinetics, and elevated operating temperatures. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in improving the hydrogen storage properties of MgH2 through various modification strategies. Key approaches, including alloying with transition metals and high-entropy alloys, catalytic doping using metal oxides, phosphides, and carbon-supported materials (such as graphene or CNTs), and nanostructuring techniques, are systematically discussed. In addition, magnesium-based composites and complex hydrides such as Mg(BH4)(2) and Mg(AlH4)(2) are explored for their enhanced hydrogen storage capabilities under catalytic and nanoconfined conditions. Particular attention is given to emerging strategies involving perovskite additives and nanoscale single-atom catalysts, which significantly improve hydrogen sorption kinetics, reduce activation energy, and lower desorption temperatures, thereby enhancing the overall hydrogen storage performance of MgH2 systems. The review highlights the synergistic effects of combining multiple modification techniques to overcome the intrinsic limitations of MgH2. Despite substantial progress, challenges remain in achieving efficient hydrogen storage at near-ambient conditions with long-term stability.
Abstract The syntheses and application of M@zeolite hybrids with the structure of metal being encapsulated into zeolite crystals have attracted extensive attention due to their high activity and resistance to sintering under harsh conditions as the catalysts. Remarkable achievements have been made in the structure construction, particularly in the way of so called “one pot synthesis”. Herein, we exclusively summarize the recent advance of the metal encapsulation in the “ in situ synthesis” technique, with which help the researchers constructing their metal-embedding catalysts more active and thermal resistant.
