and moisturizing effect of the fermented Hordeum vulgare L. (H. vulgare L.) extract and the heat-killed probiotics. Its leaves were fermented using L. paraplantarum (AMI-1101), L. plantarum (AMI-1103), and L. brevis (AMI-1109). As an antioxidant result, the ferments of H. vulgare L. extract were improved compared to before fermentation, especially, paraplantarum (AMI-1101) showed the highest effect by 55.4% DPPH radical scavenging activity, and 59.1% ABTS+ radical scavenging activity at a concentration 500 μg/ml. In the case of moisturizing efficacy, the ferments of H. vulgare L. extract increased the production of hyaluronic acid (HA), aquaporin 3 (AQP 3), and filaggrin (FLG) at a concentration 100 μg/ml. Hordeum vulgare L. extract was fermented by 3 microbial complex and next the microorganisms inside of the ferments were treated by heat to kill. The heat-killed probiotics were split into nanoscale size particles to 10,000 psi, 15,000 psi, and 20,000 psi by a microfludizer in order to maximize skin penetration and efficacy. The antioxidant efficacy of heat-killed probiotics exhibited that normal heat-killed probiotics showed 61%, but the 20,000 psi heat-killed probiotics showed 89.9% scavenging ability at concentration 1,000 μg/ml. In the case of moisturizing effect, the production of the HA was increased to 53.08% at 10,000 psi heat-killed probiotics treatment, and the synthesis of FLG was increased to 68.26% at 15,000 psi dead microorganisms. As these results, the ferments of H. vulgare L. extract and the nano conversed heat-killed probiotics can be utilized as natural cosmetic materials having antioxidant and moisturizing activities.
two genes encoding a toxin and its cognate antitoxin respectively. Toxins arrest bacterial growth by inhibiting multiple cellular processes including replication, transcription, and translation, and antitoxins neutralize the toxicity of cognate toxins. Recent genomic and bioinformatics studies have discovered many toxin-antitoxin systems, some of which are involved in bacterial virulence. As Escherichia coli has been recognized its contribution to studying the ecosystem and public health, its pathovar strains have also received attention in the molecular research. The purpose of this review is to summarize the distribution of TA system in pathogenic and non-pathogenic strain of E. coli. Uropathogenic E. coli strain CFT073, adherent-invasive E. coli strain NRG857c, and non-pathogenic E. coli strain K-12 substr. MG1655 were selected for the comparison of TA system’s distribution and function. Through analysis, we found that only the type II TA system of the three E. coli strains showed a significant difference in terms of distribution. Thus, 17 type II system of CFT073, 14 type II TA system of NRG857c, and 14 type II system of K-12 substr. MG1655 were discussed further in this review.
