Background: Cyberbullying behaviors on social media involve a wide range of potential bystanders, whose social roles and decision-making processes significantly influence bullying dynamics. Despite widespread social media use, the factors and mechanisms influencing college students' bystander behaviors in cyberbullying remain poorly understood. This study investigated the relationships among college students' experiences with bullying, moral disengagement, social closeness, and bystander behavior.Methods: The study analyzed data from 549 valid participants. Measures included experiences of cyberbullying perpetration, moral-disengagement tendencies, social relationship closeness (SRC), and bystander behavior responses. The study was based on the Bystander Intervention Model (BIM) and social ecological theories, using a structural equation model to analyze the relationships among variables.Results: The findings indicated that moral disengagement significantly mediated the relationship between experiences of cyberbullying perpetration and negative bystander behaviors (e.g., reinforcing or assisting the bully). Additionally, stronger social connections attenuated the association between cyberbullying experiences and these negative behavioral responses.Conclusions: The results were interpreted through the perspectives of the BIM and social ecological theories, emphasizing the crucial role of moral reasoning and interpersonal relationships in shaping bystander behavior. The study highlights the importance of educational interventions designed to reduce moral disengagement and reinforce social bonds to mitigate the negative impacts of cyberbullying.
Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is prevalent among adolescents with mood disorders and often exhibits addictive features. However, the specific subgroups of addictive features and their associations with the functions and severity of NSSI remain unclear.Methods: Between September 2023 and January 2024, this study recruited 182 adolescents aged 10-24 years with mood disorders who engaged in NSSI in the past year. Participants completed assessments including: sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (general questionnaire), depressive symptoms, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), manic symptoms, Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and NSSI addictive features, functions, and severity via the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory-Chinese Revised Version (OSI-CRV). Latent class analysis (LCA) was employed to identify subgroups based on the 7 items of the addictive features subscale in OSI-CRV. Covariate analysis and mediation analysis were employed to distinguish the associations of latent classes of addictive features with different functions and the severity of NSSI.Results: LCA identified two distinct classes: High Addiction Class (50.0%) and Low Addiction Class (50.0%). Covariate analysis revealed that patients with younger age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.441, p = 0.017), higher educational level (OR = 0.385, p = 0.043), and greater depressive severity (moderate and severe, OR = 4.500, 4.830; p = 0.046, 0.017) were associated with High Addiction Class. Mediation analysis demonstrated that these addictive features classes indirectly mediated the association between NSSI functions and severity.Conclusions: These findings highlight the diversity of addictive features and their impact on NSSI, thereby guiding the development of tailored interventions that address the heterogeneity of addictive features. Antecedentes: Las autolesiones no suicidas (NSSI) son frecuentes entre los adolescentes con trastornos del estado de & aacute;nimo y a menudo presentan caracter & iacute;sticas adictivas. Sin embargo, los subgrupos espec & iacute;ficos de caracter & iacute;sticas adictivas y sus asociaciones con las funciones y la gravedad de las NSSI siguen sin estar claros.M & eacute;todos: En este estudio se reclut & oacute; a 182 adolescentes de entre 10 y 24 a & ntilde;os con trastornos del estado de & aacute;nimo que hab & iacute;an cometido NSSI en el & uacute;ltimo a & ntilde;o. Los participantes completaron evaluaciones que inclu & iacute;an: caracter & iacute;sticas sociodemogr & aacute;ficas y cl & iacute;nicas (cuestionario general), s & iacute;ntomas depresivos, Escala de Evaluaci & oacute;n de la Depresi & oacute;n de Hamilton (HAMD), s & iacute;ntomas man & iacute;acos, Escala de Evaluaci & oacute;n de la Man & iacute;a de Young (YMRS) y caracter & iacute;sticas adictivas, funciones y gravedad de las NSSI mediante el Inventario de Autolesiones de Ottawa, Versi & oacute;n Revisada en Chino (OSI-CRV). Se emple & oacute; el an & aacute;lisis de clases latentes (LCA) para identificar subgrupos basados en los 7 & iacute;tems de la subescala de caracter & iacute;sticas adictivas del OSI-CRV. Se emple & oacute; el an & aacute;lisis de covariables y el an & aacute;lisis de mediaci & oacute;n para distinguir las asociaciones de las clases latentes de caracter & iacute;sticas adictivas con diferentes funciones y la gravedad de la NSSI.Resultados: El LCA identific & oacute; dos clases distintas: clase de alta adicci & oacute;n (50,0%) y clase de baja adicci & oacute;n (50,0%). El an & aacute;lisis de covariables revel & oacute; que los pacientes m & aacute;s j & oacute;venes (odds ratio [OR] = 0,441, p = 0,017), un nivel educativo m & aacute;s alto (OR = 0,385, p = 0,043) y una mayor gravedad depresiva (moderada y grave, OR = 4,500, 4,830; p = 0,046, 0,017) se asociaban con la clase de alta adicci & oacute;n. El an & aacute;lisis de mediaci & oacute;n demostr & oacute; que estas clases de caracter & iacute;sticas adictivas mediaban indirectamente la asociaci & oacute;n entre las funciones y la gravedad de las NSSI.Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos ponen de relieve la diversidad de las caracter & iacute;sticas adictivas y su impacto en las NSSI, lo que orienta el desarrollo de intervenciones personalizadas que aborden la heterogeneidad de las caracter & iacute;sticas adictivas.
Background: The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) is a self-report scale used to measure the severity of social media addiction symptoms. Although the BSMAS has been validated and proven to be reliable in Korean adults, few studies have examined its psychometric properties in Korean adolescents. Therefore, the aim of this study was to confirm the validity and reliability of the BSMAS in Korean adolescents.Methods: The BSMAS, the Social Media Addiction Proneness Scale (SMAPS), and the Social Network Site Use Motives Scale-Revised (SUMS-R) were administered to a cohort of 296 Korean adolescents. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to examine the construct validity. Internal consistency and convergent validity were examined. Additionally, measurement invariance tests across gender and age were conducted.Results: The modified one-factor model exhibited a good model fit. The BSMAS showed statistically significant correlations with all eight subscales of the SUMS-R and with the SMAPS, confirming convergent validity. The BSMAS showed high Cronbach's alpha, and its items showed acceptable item-total correlations. Measurement invariance testing across genders confirmed configural and metric invariance, but scalar invariance was not achieved. In contrast, the measurement invariance test across age groups demonstrated stronger evidence of invariance.Conclusions: These results suggest that the BSMAS is a useful tool for assessing social media addiction in Korean adolescents and provide preliminary evidence of its validity in this population. However, the failure to confirm scalar invariance emphasizes that gender-specific comparisons should be interpreted with caution. Antecedentes: La Escala de Adicci & oacute;n a las Redes Sociales de Bergen (BSMAS) es una escala de autoinforme utilizada para medir la gravedad de los s & iacute;ntomas de adicci & oacute;n a las redes sociales. Aunque la BSMAS ha sido validada y ha demostrado ser fiable en adultos coreanos, pocos estudios han examinado sus propiedades psicom & eacute;tricas en adolescentes coreanos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue confirmar la validez y fiabilidad de la BSMAS en adolescentes coreanos.M & eacute;todos: Se administraron el BSMAS, la Escala de Propensi & oacute;n a la Adicci & oacute;n a las Redes Sociales (SMAPS) y la Escala de Motivos de Uso de Redes Sociales Revisada (SUMS-R) a una cohorte de 296 adolescentes coreanos. Se realiz & oacute; un an & aacute;lisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) para examinar la validez del constructo. Se examinaron la consistencia interna y la validez convergente. Adem & aacute;s, se realizaron pruebas de invariancia de medici & oacute;n seg & uacute;n g & eacute;nero y edad.Resultados: El modelo modificado de un solo factor mostr & oacute; un buen ajuste al modelo. La BSMAS mostr & oacute; correlaciones estad & iacute;sticamente significativas con las ocho subescalas de la SUMS-R y con la SMAPS, lo que confirma la validez convergente. La BSMAS mostr & oacute; un alto alpha de Cronbach, y sus & iacute;tems mostraron correlaciones aceptables entre los & iacute;tems y el total. La prueba de invarianza de la medici & oacute;n entre g & eacute;neros confirm & oacute; la invarianza configuracional y m & eacute;trica, pero no se logr & oacute; la invarianza escalar. Por el contrario, la prueba de invariancia de medici & oacute;n en los distintos grupos de edad demostr & oacute; una evidencia m & aacute;s fuerte de invariancia.Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que la BSMAS es una herramienta & uacute;til para evaluar la adicci & oacute;n a las redes sociales en adolescentes coreanos y proporcionan pruebas preliminares de su validez en esta poblaci & oacute;n. Sin embargo, el hecho de no haber podido confirmar la invarianza escalar pone de relieve que las comparaciones espec & iacute;ficas por g & eacute;nero deben interpretarse con cautela.
Background: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe, recurrent mood disorder with alternating episodes and persistent cognitive deficits. There are sex differences in episode type, onset age, cognitive dysfunction, and other aspects. Female patients have distinct cognitive impairments. Understanding sex differences is important to assess the condition and optimize treatment. This study investigated the characteristics of cognitive impairment in female patients with BD based on first-episode polarity (manic/hypomanic vs. depressive) and identified associated clinical risk factors.Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 61 female BD patients (20 with manic/hypomanic onset, 41 with depressive-onset) and 31 healthy controls. Cognitive domains were assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), and the Digit Span Test (DST). Group comparisons and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to evaluate cognitive patterns and clinical correlates.Results: (a) Both the manic/hypomanic-onset and the depressive-onset groups showed significantly worse scores compared with the healthy controls; (b) the manic/hypomanic-onset group demonstrated significantly higher scores than the depressive-onset group; and (c) a history of exposure to mental stimuli was associated with reduced patients' executive function. Additionally, a lower educational level and an early onset were potential risk factors for impaired memory functions.Conclusions: Female patients with BDs exhibited cognitive impairments that varied according to first-episode polarity. Those with manic/hypomanic onset exhibited less severe cognitive impairment than those with depressive-onset. Lower educational attainment and earlier disease onset were identified as independent risk factors for cognitive dysfunction. Antecedentes: El trastorno bipolar (TB) es un trastorno del estado de & aacute;nimo grave y recurrente con episodios alternados y d & eacute;ficits cognitivos persistentes. Existen diferencias de g & eacute;nero en cuanto al tipo de episodio, la edad de inicio, la disfunci & oacute;n cognitiva y otros aspectos. Las mujeres presentan deterioros cognitivos espec & iacute;ficos. Comprender las diferencias de g & eacute;nero es importante para evaluar la afecci & oacute;n y optimizar el tratamiento. Este estudio investig & oacute; las caracter & iacute;sticas del deterioro cognitivo en pacientes mujeres con TB seg & uacute;n la polaridad del primer episodio (man & iacute;aco/hipoman & iacute;aco frente a depresivo) e identific & oacute; los factores de riesgo cl & iacute;nicos asociados.M & eacute;todos: En este estudio transversal participaron 61 mujeres con TB (20 con inicio man & iacute;aco/hipoman & iacute;aco y 41 con inicio depresivo) y 31 controles sanos. Los dominios cognitivos se evaluaron utilizando la Prueba de clasificaci & oacute;n de tarjetas de Wisconsin (WCST), la Prueba de rendimiento continuo (CPT) y la Prueba de amplitud de d & iacute;gitos (DST). Se realizaron comparaciones entre grupos y an & aacute;lisis de regresi & oacute;n multivariante para evaluar los patrones cognitivos y las correlaciones cl & iacute;nicas.Resultados: (a) Tanto el grupo con inicio man & iacute;aco/hipoman & iacute;aco como el grupo con inicio depresivo obtuvieron puntuaciones significativamente peores en comparaci & oacute;n con los controles sanos; (b) el grupo con inicio man & iacute;aco/hipoman & iacute;aco obtuvo puntuaciones significativamente m & aacute;s altas que el grupo con inicio depresivo; y (c) los antecedentes de exposici & oacute;n a est & iacute;mulos mentales se asociaron con una reducci & oacute;n de la funci & oacute;n ejecutiva de los pacientes. Adem & aacute;s, un nivel educativo m & aacute;s bajo y un inicio temprano fueron factores de riesgo potenciales para el deterioro de las funciones de la memoria.Conclusiones: Las pacientes con TBs mostraron deterioro cognitivo que variaba seg & uacute;n la polaridad del primer episodio. Las que presentaban un inicio man & iacute;aco/hipoman & iacute;aco mostraban un deterioro cognitivo menos grave que las que presentaban un inicio depresivo. Se identificaron como factores de riesgo independientes para la disfunci & oacute;n cognitiva un menor nivel educativo y un inicio m & aacute;s temprano de la enfermedad.
Background: Medical education is associated with substantial academic and psychological demands that may undermine positive psychological resources such as hope, life satisfaction, and meaning in life, thereby highlighting the need to examine the potential role of mindfulness-based interventions in promoting well-being among medical students. This study examined the effects of a mindfulness intervention on hope, life satisfaction, and meaning in life among Chinese medical students.Methods: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design was used, with two intact classes assigned to either the intervention group (n = 65) or the control group (n = 65). After attrition, the final sample comprised 58 participants in the experimental group and 60 in the control group. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were conducted using validated Chinese versions of standardized psychological measures. Linear mixed models (LMM) were used to analyze group-by-time interaction effects.Results: The experimental group showed statistically significant improvements in mindfulness, hope, life satisfaction, and meaning in life compared to the control group (p < 0.01), with medium effect sizes (partial eta 2 approximate to 0.059-0.083).Conclusions: These results provide preliminary evidence supporting the effectiveness of brief mindfulness training in academic settings. Future research should involve larger and more diverse samples, longer follow-up periods, and additional variables to strengthen external validity and clarify the underlying mechanisms.
Background: Citizenship behaviors are crucial in fostering social progress. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Citizenship Behavior Questionnaire-30-General Version (CBQ-30-GV) among Taiwanese university students. It also examined the association of citizenship behaviors with depression and perceived stress.Methods: A total of 1000 university students participated in an online survey. To evaluate the factor structure of the CBQ-30-GV, five competing models were examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Furthermore, internal consistency was assessed, and concurrent validity was examined by analyzing the correlations between CBQ-30-GV scores and subjective well-being, as measured using the Positive Emotion, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, and Accomplishment Well-being (PERMA)-Profiler. Moreover, the correlations of citizenship behaviors with depression (measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale) and perceived stress (measured using the Perceived Stress Scale) were investigated using Pearson correlations.Results: The findings supported a bifactor structure for the CBQ-30-GV, comprising seven specific factors and a general factor, with satisfactory model fit. The CBQ-30-GV demonstrated adequate internal consistency, and all seven specific and general factor scores were significantly and positively correlated with PERMA-Profiler scores (r = 0.080 to 0.490; p < 0.001). The general factor and the majority of specific factor scores of the CBQ-30-GV were significantly and negatively associated with depression (r = -0.426 to -0.135; p < 0.001) and perceived stress (r = -0.346 to -0.165; p < 0.001), whereas the factor scores for political activity and activity for change exhibited either positive or nonsignificant associations with depression and perceived stress.Conclusions: These findings confirm the bifactor structure of the CBQ-30-GV and its acceptable internal reliability and concurrent validity. They indicate that most of the CBQ-30-GV specific factor scores negatively correlated with depression and perceived stress.
Background: Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a psychotherapeutic program developed to treat borderline personality disorder (BPD). Given the conceptualization of behavioral problems as the result of a skills deficit, skills training is presumed to be one of the primary active components of the DBT program. It is therefore essential to be able to assess the learning and use of DBT skills to manage life problems. The main objective of the study was to develop and validate the Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills (Habilidades in spanish) scale (DBT-H) in the Argentine context. The DBT-H was designed to measure five key dimensions: Mindfulness, Interpersonal Effectiveness, Emotional Regulation, Distress Tolerance, and Radical Acceptance.Methods: A convenience non-clinical sample of 1006 Argentine adults was assessed (58.3% women, 40.6% men, and 1.1% identified as "non-binary"), with an age range from 18 to 80 years (M = 42.33; SD = 13.21). We analyze the DBT-H, along with standard measures, including the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS).Results: Initial descriptive analysis confirmed that all DBT-H items adequately contributed to their respective subscales, with high item-total correlation and no skewness or kurtosis biases affecting their distribution. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the five-factor structure, consistent with the DBT skills components proposed by Linehan. Higher DBT-H scores were reliably associated with greater life satisfaction (SWLS) and mindfulness (MAAS). This relationship suggests that DBT skills effectively contribute to improving well-being and mindful awareness in individuals. Additionally, higher DBT-H scores correlated with fewer difficulties in emotional regulation (DERS), indicating a direct link between mastery of DBT skills and better emotional regulation.Conclusion: The validation of the DBT-H as a reliable and valid tool for assessing DBT skills in the Argentine context is a significant step toward studying the efficacy of various interventions. Antecedentes: La Terapia Dial & eacute;ctico Conductual (Dialectical Behavior Therapy, DBT) es un programa psicoterap & eacute;utico desarrollado para tratar el Trastorno L & iacute;mite de la Personalidad (TLP). De acuerdo con la conceptualizaci & oacute;n de los problemas conductuales como el resultado de un d & eacute;ficit de habilidades, el entrenamiento en habilidades es presumiblemente uno de principales componentes activos del programa DBT. Es entonces esencial poder evaluar de manera confiable el aprendizaje de las habilidades DBT y su utilizaci & oacute;n para lidiar con los problemas de la vida. El objetivo principal del estudio fue desarrollar y validar la escala DBT-H (Dialectical Behavior Therapy-Habilidades) en el contexto argentino. La DBT-H fue dise & ntilde;ada para medir cinco dimensiones relevantes: Mindfulness, Efectividad Interpersonal, Regulaci & oacute;n Emocional, Tolerancia al Malestar y Aceptaci & oacute;n Radical.M & eacute;todo: Se cont & oacute; con una muestra por conveniencia de 1006 adultos argentinos (58,3% mujeres, 40,6% hombres, y 1,1% "no binarios") con un rango de edad de 18 a 80 a & ntilde;os (M = 42,33; DE = 13,21). Se evalu & oacute; la DBT-H junto a medidas est & aacute;ndares incluyendo la Escala de Satisfacci & oacute;n con la Vida (SWLS), la Escala de Atenci & oacute;n Plena (MAAS), y la Escala de Dificultades en la Regulaci & oacute;n de las Emociones (DERS).Resultados: El an & aacute;lisis descriptivo inicial confirm & oacute; que todos los & iacute;tems de la DBT-H aportaron adecuadamente a sus respectivas subescalas, con una alta correlaci & oacute;n & iacute;tem-total y sin sesgos de asimetr & iacute;a o curtosis que afectaran su distribuci & oacute;n. El an & aacute;lisis factorial confirmatorio sustent & oacute; la estructura de cinco factores, coherente con los componentes de habilidades de DBT propuestos por Linehan. Se observ & oacute; que puntuaciones m & aacute;s altas en la DBT-H estaban consistentemente asociadas con mayores niveles de satisfacci & oacute;n con la vida (SWLS) y mayor atenci & oacute;n plena (MAAS). Esta relaci & oacute;n sugiere que las habilidades de DBT contribuyen efectivamente a mejorar el bienestar y la atenci & oacute;n consciente en los individuos. Por otro lado, las puntuaciones altas en DBT-H tambi & eacute;n correlacionaron con menores dificultades en la regulaci & oacute;n emocional (DERS), lo que indica una relaci & oacute;n directa entre el dominio de habilidades DBT y una mejor regulaci & oacute;n emocional.Conclusi & oacute;n: La validaci & oacute;n de la DBT-H como una herramienta confiable y eficaz para la evaluaci & oacute;n de habilidades en la terapia DBT en el contexto argentino es un paso significativo para el estudio de la eficacia de variadas intervenciones.
Background: Violence against women remains a critical global public health and human rights issue. Although several tools have been developed to assess attitudes toward violence against women, existing scales are often limited in scope, population coverage, or psychometric strength.Methods: This study addresses this gap by developing and validating the Sahara Attitude Scale Towards Violence Against Women for individuals aged 18 and above. The development process of the scale consisted of the following stages: content validity, construct validity, convergent and discriminant validity, reliability studies, validation of the obtained structure, and test-retest reliability. Data were collected through Google Forms from 360 individuals with different sociocultural backgrounds for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and 336 individuals for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).Results: As a result of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, a two-factor, 12-item structure was obtained. The scale explains 76.3% of the variance, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.94, Gutman's 0.95, and McDonald's Omega omega of 0.96. The fit indices for the construct [chi 2/df = 2.726, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.072, comparative fit indices (CFI) = 0.97, goodness-of-fit index (GFI) = 0.93, adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) = 0.90, and normed fit index (NFI) = 0.96] were found to be at an adequate level. The legitimization factor reflects individuals' tendency to view actions such as violence, harassment, or mistreatment toward women as legitimate, understandable, or justified for various reasons. This factor consists of 1-6 items, explaining 63.2% of the variance, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.94, Gutman's 0.94, and McDonald's Omega omega of 0.92. The control factor represents a perspective that considers it legitimate to restrict women's freedom, establish control over them, and constantly monitor their actions. This factor consists of items 7-12 and explains 13.1% of the variance, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.92, Gutman's 0.91, and McDonald's Omega omega of 0.94.Conclusions: The Sahara Attitude Scale Towards Violence Against Women is a 5-point Likert scale (0 = Strongly Disagree, 4 = Strongly Agree). There are no reverse-scored items in the scale. The total scale score is obtained by summing the scores of all items, and the raw score ranges from 0 to 48 points. The raw score must be standardized to a range of 0-100 points in accordance with the guidelines. Higher scale scores indicate stronger attitudes supporting violence against women. Antecedentes: La violencia contra la mujer sigue siendo un problema cr & iacute;tico a nivel mundial en materia de salud p & uacute;blica y derechos humanos. Aunque se han desarrollado varias herramientas para evaluar las actitudes frente a la violencia contra la mujer, las escalas existentes suelen tener limitaciones en cuanto a su alcance, cobertura poblacional o solidez psicom & eacute;trica.M & eacute;todos: Este estudio aborda esta carencia mediante el desarrollo y la validaci & oacute;n de la Escala de Actitudes del S & aacute;hara hacia la Violencia contra las Mujeres para personas mayores de 18 a & ntilde;os. El proceso de desarrollo de la escala consisti & oacute; en las siguientes etapas: validez de contenido, validez de constructo, validez convergente y discriminante, estudios de fiabilidad, validaci & oacute;n de la estructura obtenida y fiabilidad test-retest. Los datos se recopilaron a trav & eacute;s de Google Forms de 360 personas con diferentes contextos socioculturales para el an & aacute;lisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y de 336 personas para el an & aacute;lisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC).Resultados: A ra & iacute;z de los an & aacute;lisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios, se obtuvo una estructura de dos factores y 12 & iacute;tems. La escala explica el 76,3 % de la varianza, con un alpha de Cronbach de 0,94, un coeficiente de Gutman de 0,95 y un omega de McDonald de 0,96. Los & iacute;ndices de ajuste del constructo [ chi 2/df = 2,726, error cuadr & aacute;tico medio de aproximaci & oacute;n (RMSEA) = 0,072, & iacute;ndices de ajuste comparativo (CFI) = 0,97, & iacute;ndice de bondad de ajuste (GFI) = 0,93, & iacute;ndice de bondad de ajuste ajustado (AGFI) = 0,90 e & iacute;ndice de ajuste normalizado (NFI) = 0,96] se consideraron adecuados. El factor de legitimaci & oacute;n refleja la tendencia de las personas a considerar acciones como la violencia, el acoso o el maltrato hacia las mujeres como leg & iacute;timas, comprensibles o justificadas por diversas razones. Este factor consta de 1 a 6 & iacute;tems, explica el 63,2 % de la varianza, con un alpha de Cronbach de 0,94, un 0,94 y el omega de McDonald omega de 0,92. El factor de control representa una perspectiva que considera leg & iacute;timo restringir la libertad de las mujeres, ejercer control sobre ellas y supervisar constantemente sus acciones. Este factor consta de los & iacute;tems 7-12 y explica el 13,1 % de la varianza, con un alpha de Cronbach de 0,92, el 0,91 de Gutman y el omega omega de McDonald de 0,94.Conclusiones: La Escala & laquo;Sahara Attitude & raquo; sobre la violencia contra las mujeres es una escala de Likert de 5 puntos (0 = Totalmente en desacuerdo, 4 = Totalmente de acuerdo). No hay & iacute;tems con puntuaci & oacute;n inversa en la escala. La puntuaci & oacute;n total de la escala se obtiene sumando las puntuaciones de todos los & iacute;tems, y la puntuaci & oacute;n bruta oscila entre 0 y 48 puntos. La puntuaci & oacute;n bruta debe estandarizarse a un rango de 0 a 100 puntos de acuerdo con las directrices. Las puntuaciones m & aacute;s altas en la escala indican actitudes m & aacute;s marcadas a favor de la violencia contra las mujeres.
Background: Maternal ambivalence, defined as the coexistence of conflicting feelings toward motherhood, is a culturally embedded experience closely linked to perinatal mental health. This study examined the psychometric properties of the Maternal Ambivalence Scale (MAS) in Colombian women and compared maternal ambivalence and psychological adjustment between Colombian and Spanish perinatal samples. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey included 456 Colombian women (mean [M] = 27.5, standard deviation [SD] = 6.1; range = 18-48 years; 296 pregnant, 160 postpartum). Participants completed the MAS, the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS), the Overall Depression Severity and Impairment Scale (ODSIS), and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in R (lavaan, semTools) tested the three-factor model (Doubts, Rejection, Suppression) with robust maximum likelihood estimation (MLR). Measurement invariance was evaluated across the perinatal stage and country. Nonparametric analyses (Spearman's rho, Mann-Whitney U) were performed in SPSS v27.0. Results: The MAS showed excellent fit, chi(2)(74) = 143.71, p < 0.001; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.968; Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.960; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.050, 90% confidence interval (CI) [0.037, 0.062]; alpha = 0.80-0.84. Measurement invariance across the perinatal stage was supported (configural, metric, scalar), and partial scalar invariance was achieved across countries. Higher Doubts and Rejection were correlated with depression (rho = 0.50, 0.40), anxiety (rho = 0.42, 0.28), and lower life satisfaction (rho = -0.48, -0.56; all p < 0.001). Colombian women reported higher ambivalence and poorer well-being than Spanish women. Conclusions: The MAS demonstrated strong reliability, validity, and cross-cultural relevance, supporting its use in culturally sensitive perinatal mental health assessment.
Background: Cyberbullying is a pervasive aggressive behavior, and many studies have investigated its mechanisms and influencing factors, such as the dark tetrad and moral disengagement. The present study further investigated the relationships among the dark tetrad (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and sadism), cyberbullying offending, and cybervictimization, with a focus on gender differences.Methods: A total of 566 university students participated in the online survey. A multiple-group structural equation model was used to test the gender differences in the mediating role of moral disengagement in relationships between dark side personality traits and cyberbullying offending and cybervictimization.Results: The results indicated that gender differences only emerged for narcissism and cybervictimization. More specifically, for males, moral disengagement did not mediate any paths of the dark side personality traits and cyberbullying. For females, moral disengagement mediated the links between (a) Machiavellianism and cyberbullying offending (effect size = 0.064, p = 0.001); (b) sadism and cyberbullying offending (effect size = 0.075, p = 0.001); (c) Machiavellianism and cybervictimization (effect size = 0.030, p = 0.024); (d) sadism and cybervictimization (effect size = 0.035, p = 0.027).Conclusions: The findings suggest that moral disengagement increases the likelihood that females with dark personality traits engage in cyberbullying, while this association is not observed in males. Antecedentes: El ciberacoso es un comportamiento agresivo muy extendido, y muchos estudios han investigado sus mecanismos y factores influyentes, como la t & eacute;trada oscura y la desconexi & oacute;n moral. El presente estudio investig & oacute; m & aacute;s a fondo las relaciones entre la t & eacute;trada oscura (maquiavelismo, narcisismo, psicopat & iacute;a y sadismo), el ciberacoso y la cibervictimizaci & oacute;n, centr & aacute;ndose en las diferencias de g & eacute;nero.M & eacute;todos: Un total de 566 estudiantes universitarios participaron en la encuesta en l & iacute;nea. Se utiliz & oacute; un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales de grupos m & uacute;ltiples para evaluar las diferencias de g & eacute;nero en el papel mediador de la desconexi & oacute;n moral en las relaciones entre los rasgos de personalidad oscuros y las conductas de ciberacoso y cibervictimizaci & oacute;n.Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que las diferencias de g & eacute;nero solo surgieron en el caso del narcisismo y la cibervictimizaci & oacute;n. M & aacute;s concretamente, en el caso de los hombres, la desconexi & oacute;n moral no mediaba ninguna de las relaciones entre los rasgos de personalidad oscuros y el ciberacoso. En el caso de las mujeres, la desconexi & oacute;n moral mediaba los v & iacute;nculos entre (a) el maquiavelismo y el ciberacoso (tama & ntilde;o del efecto = 0,064, p = 0,001); (b) el sadismo y el ciberacoso (tama & ntilde;o del efecto = 0,075, p = 0,001); (c) el maquiavelismo y la cibervictimizaci & oacute;n (tama & ntilde;o del efecto = 0,030, p = 0,024); (d) el sadismo y la cibervictimizaci & oacute;n (tama & ntilde;o del efecto = 0,035, p = 0,027).Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que la desconexi & oacute;n moral aumenta la probabilidad de que las mujeres con rasgos de personalidad oscuros participen en el ciberacoso, mientras que esta asociaci & oacute;n no se observa en los hombres.
Background: Teacher mental health is a critical determinant of educational quality and student outcomes. Although mindfulness is known to alleviate occupational stress, the mechanisms underlying this relationship, particularly the role of coping self-efficacy (CSE), remain insufficiently explored in the context of China's public junior high school educational environment.Methods: To examine mechanisms beyond direct effects, we proposed and tested a moderated mediation model based on Social Cognitive and Transactional Stress Theories. Data were collected from 462 teachers in a Chinese public junior high school.Results: The results revealed that occupational stress mediated the relationship between mindfulness and mental health. CSE served as a significant buffer: the stress-reducing effect of mindfulness was significantly stronger for teachers with high CSE than for those with low CSE. The significant index of moderated mediation confirms that CSE is a pivotal boundary condition.Conclusions: Our findings challenge the assumption that mindfulness interventions are universally effective. They further advocate for dual-focused programs that synergistically cultivate awareness and strengthen CSE, thereby promoting teacher well-being in Chinese junior high school contexts. Antecedentes: La salud mental del profesorado es un determinante cr & iacute;tico de la calidad educativa y los resultados de los estudiantes. Aunque se sabe que el mindfulness alivia el estr & eacute;s laboral, los mecanismos subyacentes a esta relaci & oacute;n, particularmente el rol de la autoeficacia para el afrontamiento (CSE, del ingl & eacute;s coping self-efficacy), siguen insuficientemente explorados en el contexto del entorno educativo de las escuelas p & uacute;blicas de educaci & oacute;n secundaria inferior de China.M & eacute;todo: Para examinar mecanismos m & aacute;s all & aacute; de los efectos directos, propusimos y probamos un modelo de mediaci & oacute;n moderada basado en las Teor & iacute;as Cognitivo Social y Transaccional del Estr & eacute;s. Se recogieron datos de 462 profesores en escuelas p & uacute;blicas de educaci & oacute;n secundaria inferior chinas.Resultados: Los resultados revelaron que el estr & eacute;s ocupacional medi & oacute; la relaci & oacute;n entre mindfulness y salud mental. La CSE sirvi & oacute; como un amortiguador significativo: el efecto reductor del estr & eacute;s del mindfulness fue significativamente m & aacute;s fuerte para docentes con alta CSE que para aquellos con baja CSE. El & iacute;ndice significativo de mediaci & oacute;n moderada confirma que la CSE es una condici & oacute;n l & iacute;mite fundamental.Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos desaf & iacute;an la suposici & oacute;n de que las intervenciones de mindfulness son universalmente efectivas. Adem & aacute;s, abogan por programas de enfoque dual que cultiven sin & eacute;rgicamente la conciencia y fortalezcan la CSE, promoviendo as & iacute; el bienestar docente en los contextos de las escuelas secundarias inferiores chinas.
Background: Attachment, as the emotional bond between children and primary caregivers, plays a crucial role in human development and has been linked to well-being in adulthood. However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain unclear.Methods: This cross-sectional study examined whether resilience and psychological inflexibility mediate the relationship between attachment styles and well-being. A total of 279 adults (61.2% women) completed the CaMir-R (attachment), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Fusion and Avoidance Questionnaire, and measures of mental health and well-being. Data were analyzed using the PROCESS macro for SPSS.Results: Findings indicated that attachment style directly influences mental health and well-being. In addition, these relationships were mediated by resilience and psychological inflexibility, highlighting their role as protective and risk factors.Conclusions: Attachment is directly related to well-being, but resilience and psychological inflexibility play a mediating role. These findings suggest that interventions targeting these psychological strengths could enhance mental health. Results are discussed within attachment theory, underscoring practical implications for promoting strengths from early developmental stages. Antecedentes: El apego, como v & iacute;nculo afectivo entre el ni & ntilde;o y sus cuidadores primarios, desempe & ntilde;a un papel crucial en el desarrollo humano y se ha asociado con el bienestar en la adultez. No obstante, los mecanismos que explican esta relaci & oacute;n no est & aacute;n completamente claros.M & eacute;todos: Este estudio transversal examin & oacute; si la resiliencia y la inflexibilidad psicol & oacute;gica median la relaci & oacute;n entre los estilos de apego y el bienestar. Participaron 279 adultos (61,2% mujeres) que completaron el CaMir-R (apego), la Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, el Fusion and Avoidance Questionnaire y medidas de salud mental y bienestar. Los datos se analizaron mediante la macro PROCESS para SPSS.Resultados: Los resultados indicaron que el estilo de apego influye directamente en la salud mental y el bienestar. Adem & aacute;s, estas asociaciones estuvieron mediadas por la resiliencia y la inflexibilidad psicol & oacute;gica, que funcionaron como factores protectores y de riesgo.Conclusiones: El apego se relaciona con el bienestar tanto de forma directa como a trav & eacute;s de la resiliencia y la inflexibilidad psicol & oacute;gica. Estos hallazgos sugieren que intervenciones enfocadas en dichas fortalezas podr & iacute;an favorecer la salud psicol & oacute;gica.
Background: The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS) identified three core temperament types-Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-warm-up-based on early qualitative analyses of childhood behavior and constrained by the analytic tools available at the time. However, more than one-third of participants could not be classified within this framework, and the typology has never been formally revised using contemporary statistical approaches, which limits the model's generalizability. Despite these methodological constraints, the nine NYLS temperament dimensions and their associated typology have remained influential in both research and applied contexts.Methods: This study revisited the NYLS framework using latent profile analysis (LPA), a probabilistic person-centered method that identifies latent subgroups based on multivariate response patterns. Data were drawn from a large adult sample assessed with the standardized Chess-Thomas Adult Temperament Questionnaire, second edition (ATQ2), as well as its newly validated Lithuanian version. The sample comprised 1260 adults aged 18-80 years (M = 32.2) from the USA (n = 554) and Lithuania (n = 706). To enhance robustness and cross-group comparability, measurement invariance (MI) was tested across country, gender, and age groups.Results: A five-profile solution emerged as optimal. Three profiles resembled the classic NYLS types-Easy (13.1%), Difficult (11.1%), and Slow-to-warm-up (13.5%)-and two additional profiles were identified: Curious (33.3%) and Shy (29.0%). The new profiles reflected coherent behavioral patterns centered on approach-withdrawal tendencies and activity level, demonstrated conceptual convergence with other temperament and personality typologies, and remained consistent across demographic groups.Conclusions: These findings refine and expand the original NYLS typology with greater methodological rigor, providing a statistically validated framework for understanding adult temperament that can inform future developmental research, psychological assessment, and clinical practice. Antecedentes: El Estudio Longitudinal de Nueva York (NYLS) identific & oacute; tres tipos b & aacute;sicos de temperamento -F & aacute;cil, Dif & iacute;cil y Lento- basados en los primeros an & aacute;lisis cualitativos del comportamiento infantil y limitados por las herramientas anal & iacute;ticas disponibles en ese momento. Sin embargo, m & aacute;s de un tercio de los participantes no pod & iacute;an clasificarse dentro de este marco, y la tipolog & iacute;a nunca se ha revisado formalmente utilizando enfoques estad & iacute;sticos contempor & aacute;neos, lo que limita la generalizabilidad del modelo. A pesar de estas limitaciones metodol & oacute;gicas, las nueve dimensiones del temperamento del NYLS y su tipolog & iacute;a asociada han seguido siendo influyentes tanto en la investigaci & oacute;n como en contextos aplicados.M & eacute;todos: Este estudio revis & oacute; el marco del NYLS utilizando el an & aacute;lisis de perfil latente (LPA), un m & eacute;todo probabil & iacute;stico centrado en la persona que identifica subgrupos latentes basados en patrones de respuesta multivariados. Los datos se extrajeron de una amplia muestra de adultos evaluados con el Cuestionario de Temperamento Adulto estandarizado de Chess-Thomas, segunda edici & oacute;n (ATQ2), as & iacute; como con su versi & oacute;n lituana recientemente validada. La muestra comprend & iacute;a 1260 adultos de entre 18 y 80 a & ntilde;os (M = 32,2) de Estados Unidos (n = 554) y Lituania (n = 706). Para mejorar la solidez y la comparabilidad entre grupos, se comprob & oacute; la invariabilidad de la medici & oacute;n entre pa & iacute;ses, sexos y grupos de edad.Resultados: La soluci & oacute;n & oacute;ptima fue la de cinco perfiles. Tres perfiles se asemejaban a los tipos cl & aacute;sicos del NYLS-F & aacute;cil (13,1%), Dif & iacute;cil (11,1%) y Lento para entrar en calor (13,5%)-y se identificaron dos perfiles adicionales: Curioso (33,3%) y T & iacute;mido (29,0%). Los nuevos perfiles reflejaron patrones de comportamiento coherentes centrados en las tendencias de acercamiento-alejamiento y el nivel de actividad, demostraron convergencia conceptual con otras tipolog & iacute;as de temperamento y personalidad, y se mantuvieron consistentes en todos los grupos demogr & aacute;ficos.Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos refinan y ampl & iacute;an la tipolog & iacute;a original del NYLS con un mayor rigor metodol & oacute;gico, proporcionando un marco validado estad & iacute;sticamente para la comprensi & oacute;n del temperamento adulto que puede informar la futura investigaci & oacute;n del desarrollo, la evaluaci & oacute;n psicol & oacute;gica y la pr & aacute;ctica cl & iacute;nica.
Background: Suicide is a significant public health concern, and several psychological variables, such as childhood trauma, have been studied as risk factors, but this link remains unclear. The study aims to examine the association between childhood trauma (i.e., physical and emotional abuse/neglect and sexual abuse) and suicide, as well as to analyze the mediating role of alexithymia and mental health (i.e., depression and anxiety) in this relationship.Methods: A total of 75 individuals with dual diagnosis (on average, 44.15 years old, SD = 12.15; 82.7% males) completed four questionnaires: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Symptoms Assessment-45, and Paykel Suicide Scale. Structural equation modeling was performed to examine the mediating role of alexithymia and mental health in the relationship between childhood trauma and suicidal behavior.Results: Both alexithymia and mental health problems mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and suicidal behavior.Conclusions: This finding underscores the importance of screening for and addressing alexithymia and mental health in clinical practice, especially in suicide-prevention interventions. Antecedentes: El suicidio representa un importante problema de salud p & uacute;blica, y diversas variables psicol & oacute;gicas han sido estudiadas como factores de riesgo, entre ellas el trauma infantil; sin embargo, esta relaci & oacute;n sigue siendo poco clara. El estudio tiene como objetivo examinar la asociaci & oacute;n entre el trauma infantil (i.e., abuso f & iacute;sico y emocional, negligencia f & iacute;sica y emocional, y abuso sexual) y el suicidio, as & iacute; como analizar el papel mediador de la alexitimia y la salud mental en esta relaci & oacute;n.M & eacute;todo: 75 personas con patolog & iacute;a dual (la edad media fue de 44,15 a & ntilde;os, DT = 12,15; 82,7% hombres) completaron cuatro cuestionarios: el Cuestionario de Trauma Infantil, la Escala de Alexitimia, el SA-45 y la Escala de Suicidio de Paykel. Se emple & oacute; un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para examinar el papel mediador de la alexitimia y la salud mental en la relaci & oacute;n entre trauma infantil y conducta suicida.Resultados: Tanto la alexitimia como los problemas de salud mental mediaron la relaci & oacute;n entre el trauma infantil y la conducta suicida.Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia de evaluar y abordar la alexitimia y los problemas de salud mental en la pr & aacute;ctica cl & iacute;nica, especialmente en las intervenciones dirigidas a la prevenci & oacute;n del suicidio.
Background: Childhood obesity is a growing public health concern with significant physical and psychosocial consequences. Obese children are more likely to face peer rejection and campus victimization, increasing their risk of depression. However, the psychological mechanisms underlying this association remain underexplored. This study examined the relationship between campus victimization and depression among obese children and adolescents, focusing on the mediating role of self-esteem and the moderating role of academic performance.Methods: Using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling, 6369 students from Shanxi and Henan provinces were surveyed, and 548 obese students were selected based on body mass index (BMI) criteria.Results: (1) Campus victimization significantly infers elevated depression levels among children with obesity; (2) Self-esteem mediates the relationship between campus victimization and depression in this population; (3) Academic performance plays a moderating role in the direct path and the second half of the mediating path.Conclusions: These findings underscore the compounded psychological risks faced by obese students and highlight the need for targeted school-based mental health and academic support interventions. Introducci & oacute;n: La obesidad infantil es una creciente preocupaci & oacute;n de salud p & uacute;blica con importantes consecuencias f & iacute;sicas y psicosociales. Los ni & ntilde;os con obesidad tienen m & aacute;s probabilidades de sufrir rechazo por parte de sus pares y victimizaci & oacute;n escolar, lo que incrementa su riesgo de desarrollar depresi & oacute;n. Sin embargo, los mecanismos psicol & oacute;gicos subyacentes a esta asociaci & oacute;n a & uacute;n no se han explorado suficientemente. Este estudio examin & oacute; la relaci & oacute;n entre la victimizaci & oacute;n escolar y la depresi & oacute;n en ni & ntilde;os y adolescentes con obesidad, centr & aacute;ndose en el papel mediador de la autoestima y el papel moderador del rendimiento acad & eacute;mico.M & eacute;todo: Mediante un muestreo por conglomerados estratificado en m & uacute;ltiples etapas, se encuestaron a 6369 estudiantes de las provincias de Shanxi y Henan, y se seleccionaron 548 estudiantes con obesidad seg & uacute;n el criterio del & iacute;ndice de masa corporal (IMC).Resultados: (1) la victimizaci & oacute;n escolar infiere significativamente niveles elevados de depresi & oacute;n entre ni & ntilde;os con obesidad; (2) la autoestima media la relaci & oacute;n entre la victimizaci & oacute;n escolar y la depresi & oacute;n en esta poblaci & oacute;n; (3) el rendimiento acad & eacute;mico juega un papel moderador en el camino directo y en la segunda mitad del camino de mediaci & oacute;n.Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos resaltan los riesgos psicol & oacute;gicos acumulados que enfrentan los estudiantes con obesidad y subrayan la necesidad de intervenciones escolares dirigidas al apoyo acad & eacute;mico y a la salud mental.
Background: The present study is an observational, analytical, and cross-sectional examination of how the integrated motivational volitional (IMV) model of suicide applies to a clinical population. It differentiates between two groups of patients: those exhibiting suicidal ideation (SI) and those engaging in suicidal behavior (SB). The sample consists of 93 patients, with 56 in the SI group and 37 in the SB group, with an age range starting from 14 years old. Methods: Data collection occurred from May 2021 to December 2022 at a Suicide Risk Outpatient Care clinic. The Entrapment Scale, Defeat Scale, and Beck's SI Scale were used as validated scales to measure cognitive variables. Results: Moderate to strong associations were found between internal and external entrapment, defeat, and both SI and SB for the Beck SI Scale. Specifically, for the SB group, there were strong positive correlations between internal entrapment (0.680**) and external entrapment (0.740**) with the Defeat Scale, both statistically significant at p < 0.01. In contrast, the SI group showed moderate positive correlations between internal entrapment (0.540**) and external entrapment (0.460**) with the Defeat Scale, also significant at p < 0.01. Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of motivational factors, particularly internal and external entrapment and defeat. It is proposed that these factors could be addressed by universal prevention strategies for external entrapment, and also by strengthening protective factors related to internal entrapment, such as coping mechanisms and a sense of meaning.
Background: This study examined the relationships among negative symptoms, self-stigma, and quality of life in individuals with schizophrenia, and investigated whether these relationships differ between patients with high versus low levels of negative symptoms.Methods: This cross-sectional study included 403 inpatients with schizophrenia. Participants were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale (ISMI), the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQLS), and other relevant measures. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and multiple regression models were conducted. Of the 500 inpatients with schizophrenia who were screened, 403 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis.Results: Negative symptoms were significantly associated with overall self-stigma and its subdimensions. Among participants with high levels of negative symptoms, self-stigma was significantly associated with general psychopathology, objective support, and avoidance coping. In contrast, only avoidance coping showed a significant association in the low-symptom group. Regarding quality of life, stereotype endorsement and stigma resistance were significantly associated with higher SQLS scores (indicating worse quality of life) in the low-symptom group, whereas no significant associations were observed in the high-symptom group.Conclusions: Negative symptoms are closely associated with internalized stigma in individuals with schizophrenia. The psychosocial correlates and consequences of self-stigma appear to vary according to the severity of negative symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of tailored interventions, such as enhancing social support for individuals with prominent negative symptoms and promoting adaptive coping strategies for those with milder symptoms. Antecedentes: Este estudio examin & oacute; las relaciones entre los s & iacute;ntomas negativos, el autoestigma y la calidad de vida en individuos con esquizofrenia, e investig & oacute; si estas relaciones difieren entre pacientes con niveles altos frente a bajos de s & iacute;ntomas negativos.M & eacute;todos: Este estudio transversal incluy & oacute; 403 pacientes hospitalizados con esquizofrenia. Los participantes fueron evaluados mediante la Escala de S & iacute;ndromes Positivos y Negativos (PANSS), la Escala de Estigma Internalizado de la Enfermedad Mental (ISMI), la Escala de Calidad de Vida en Esquizofrenia (SQLS) y otras medidas relevantes. Se realizaron an & aacute;lisis descriptivos, an & aacute;lisis de correlaci & oacute;n y modelos de regresi & oacute;n m & uacute;ltiple. De los 500 pacientes hospitalizados con esquizofrenia que fueron cribados, 403 cumplieron los criterios de inclusi & oacute;n y fueron incluidos en el an & aacute;lisis final.Resultados: Los s & iacute;ntomas negativos se asociaron significativamente con el autoestigma global y sus subdimensiones. Entre los participantes con altos niveles de s & iacute;ntomas negativos, el autoestigma se asoci & oacute; significativamente con la psicopatolog & iacute;a general, el apoyo objetivo y el afrontamiento evitativo. En contraste, solo el afrontamiento evitativo mostr & oacute; una asociaci & oacute;n significativa en el grupo con niveles bajos de s & iacute;ntomas. Respecto a la calidad de vida, la adhesi & oacute;n a estereotipos y la resistencia al estigma se asociaron significativamente con puntuaciones m & aacute;s altas en la SQLS (indicando peor calidad de vida) en el grupo con niveles bajos de s & iacute;ntomas, mientras que no se observaron asociaciones significativas en el grupo con niveles altos.Conclusi & oacute;ns: Los s & iacute;ntomas negativos est & aacute;n estrechamente asociados con el estigma internalizado en individuos con esquizofrenia. Los correlatos psicosociales y las consecuencias del autoestigma parecen variar seg & uacute;n la gravedad de los s & iacute;ntomas negativos. Estos hallazgos destacan la importancia de intervenciones individualizadas, tales como el fortalecimiento del apoyo social para individuos con s & iacute;ntomas negativos prominentes, y la promoci & oacute;n de estrategias de afrontamiento adaptativas para aquellos con s & iacute;ntomas m & aacute;s leves.
Background: Gender-based violence remains one of the most persistent forms of inequality, grounded in deeply held beliefs. This study examined how individual, ideological, and sociocultural factors influence beliefs about gender-based violence among trainee teachers in Madrid and Castilla-La Mancha.Methods: Using a quantitative, cross-sectional design, the Gender-Based Violence Stereotypical Beliefs Scale (GBVSBS) was applied to 404 trainee teachers (83.4% identified as women, 16.1% as men, and 0.5% as other genders) enrolled in education programs. A non-random purposive sampling was used.Results: Pearson's correlations showed that acceptance of gender-based violence myths increased with religiosity, conservative ideology, and pornography consumption, and decreased with perceived social machismo, feminist identification, and age. Myths about male perpetrators increased with religiosity and decreased with perception of machismo, feminist identification, and age. Myths about gender-based violence and female victims increased with religiosity, conservative ideology, and pornography consumption, and decreased with feminist identification and perception of machismo. Multiple regression identified sex, religiosity, political ideology, perceived social machismo, and feminist positioning as key predictors of GBVSBS acceptance.Conclusions: Results highlight the need for educational and social strategies to challenge these myths and combat gender-based violence. Antecedentes: La violencia de g & eacute;nero sigue siendo una de las formas m & aacute;s persistentes de desigualdad, basada en creencias profundamente arraigadas. Este estudio examin & oacute; c & oacute;mo los factores individuales, ideol & oacute;gicos y socioculturales influyen en las creencias sobre la violencia de g & eacute;nero entre los profesores en formaci & oacute;n de Madrid y Castilla-La Mancha.M & eacute;todos: Utilizando un dise & ntilde;o cuantitativo y transversal, se aplic & oacute; la escala de creencias estereotipadas sobre la violencia de g & eacute;nero (GBVSBS) a 404 profesores en formaci & oacute;n (el 83,4 % se identific & oacute; como mujer, el 16,1 % como hombre y el 0,5 % como otro g & eacute;nero) matriculados en programas educativos. Se utiliz & oacute; un muestreo intencional no aleatorio.Resultados: Las correlaciones de Pearson mostraron que la aceptaci & oacute;n de los mitos sobre la violencia de g & eacute;nero aumentaba con la religiosidad, la ideolog & iacute;a conservadora y el consumo de pornograf & iacute;a, y disminu & iacute;a con la percepci & oacute;n del machismo social, la identificaci & oacute;n feminista y la edad. Los mitos sobre los hombres como agresores aumentaban con la religiosidad y disminu & iacute;an con la percepci & oacute;n del machismo, la identificaci & oacute;n feminista y la edad. Los mitos sobre la violencia de g & eacute;nero y las mujeres v & iacute;ctimas aumentaban con la religiosidad, la ideolog & iacute;a conservadora y el consumo de pornograf & iacute;a, y disminu & iacute;an con la identificaci & oacute;n feminista y la percepci & oacute;n del machismo. La regresi & oacute;n m & uacute;ltiple identific & oacute; el sexo, la religiosidad, la ideolog & iacute;a pol & iacute;tica, la percepci & oacute;n del machismo social y el posicionamiento feminista como predictores clave de la aceptaci & oacute;n de los mitos sobre la violencia de g & eacute;nero.Conclusiones: Los resultados ponen de relieve la necesidad de estrategias educativas y sociales para cuestionar estos mitos y combatir la violencia de g & eacute;nero.
Background: The fear of public speaking significantly affects those who suffer from it. The present research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a virtual reality (VR) exposure therapy protocol for fear of public speaking.Methods: A randomized controlled pilot study with repeated measures was conducted in an experimental group (n = 7) and a wait-list control group (n = 7). The protocol consisted of 7 to 8 sessions: 1 for psychoeducation, 1 for cognitive flexibility, 4 to 5 for VR exposure and 1 for closure. The instruments used were the Personal Report of Confidence as a Speaker-12 (PRCS-12) and the Self-Statements during Public Speaking (SSPS) scale.Results: A decrease was found in the scores of the PRCS-12 and in the SSPS negative self-statements subscale; however, no significant changes were reported on the positive self-talk subscale.Conclusions: The results showed evidence in favor of the efficacy of the protocol. Limitations and clinical implications of the findings are discussed, as well as improvements to the protocol to obtain better results. Antecedentes: El miedo a hablar en p & uacute;blico afecta significativamente a quienes lo padecen. La presente investigaci & oacute;n tuvo por objetivo evaluar la eficacia de un protocolo de terapia de exposici & oacute;n con realidad virtual (RV) para el miedo a hablar en p & uacute;blico.M & eacute;todos: Se realiz & oacute; un estudio piloto aleatorizado con medidas repetidas en un grupo experimental (n = 7) y un grupo control en lista de espera (n = 7). El protocolo const & oacute; de 7 a 8 sesiones; 1 de psicoeducaci & oacute;n, 1 de flexibilidad cognitiva, 4 o 5 de exposici & oacute;n en realidad virtual y 1 de cierre. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Cuestionario de Confianza para Hablar en P & uacute;blico-12 (PRCS-12) y la Escala de Autoverbalizaciones al Hablar en P & uacute;blico (SSPS).Resultados: Se encontr & oacute; una disminuci & oacute;n de los puntajes del PRCS-12 y de la subescala de autoverbalizaciones negativas del SSPS; sin embargo, no se evidenciaron cambios significativos en la subescala de autoverbalizaciones positivas.Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran evidencia a favor de la eficacia del protocolo. Se discuten las limitaciones y las implicancias cl & iacute;nicas de los hallazgos, as & iacute; como mejoras al protocolo para obtener mejores resultados.
Background: This study analyses the effect on depression of the subjective perception of loneliness in groups of younger (<55 years) and older (>= 55 years) adults, and the moderating role of trait mindfulness or mindfulness skill.Methods: A cross-sectional study is carried out in the general population with a sample of 647 people, divided into two groups according to age: younger than 55 years (323 subjects) and 55 years and older (324 subjects). The differences between these two age groups are explored.Results: The results reveal no significant differences in the perception of subjective loneliness according to age; significant differences were found in depressive symptoms, however, with higher rates among the younger age group. Differences are also observed in terms of trait mindfulness: in the older group this skill is more developed.Conclusions: Trait mindfulness does not moderate between the variables but can serve as a predictor for depression.
