Soil pollution is the biggest problem of today. When the chemical, biological and physical properties of the soil change, its quality is affected and the soil becomes polluted. Today the cause of soil pollution is Natural and Anthropogenic Soil Pollution. In which industrial activity, agricultural activities, mining, Waste disposal, deforestation, oil, Radioactive Wastes, Acid Rain, Coal Ash, Microplastics, Indiscriminate use of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, etc. are prominent. Due to changes in soil properties, groundwater is getting polluted here. Soil pollution affects kidney damage, liver, headache, nausea, fatigue, eye irritation, skin rash, etc. human health. Soil pollution control on Reusing of materials, Recycling and recovery of materials, Reforestation, Solid Waste Treatment, Public Awareness, Soil Erosion, Production of Natural Fertilizers, Ban on Toxic Chemicals, Reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticide use. The causes of soil pollution, control, and their effects on health have been described in this review.
Apoptosis is a biological process to destroy cells. It is very much necessary for the normal growth and function of multicellular organisms. If there is any abnormality in controlling the death of cell, it can lead to a range of diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, or degenerative disorders. Apoptosis is triggered by a number of different signalling pathways each of which is activated by the actions inside or outside the cell. But all apoptosis signalling pathways congregate on the same system of cell dismantling process that is triggered by caspases (a family of cysteine-aspartate proteases) which slice proteins where aspartate residues are found in a particular sequence. Destruction and elimination of predestined cells is proficiently done by degrading of essential proteins of cell, degradation of DNA, and phagocytosis by other adjacent cells.
A large quantity of ceramic materials changes into wastage during processing, transporting and fixing due to its brittle nature. Therefore, using these wastes in concrete production could be an effective measure in maintaining the environment and improving the properties of concrete. The increasing demand of construction material and degradation of environment, there is need to explore alternative construction material from industrial as well as household waste and recyclable materials. In this project control concrete is cast for M25 grade and the partial replacement of waste ceramic tiles 0f 10%, 20%, 30% by weight of coarse aggregate. Glass fiber-reinforced concrete consists of high-strength glass fiber embedded in a cementitious matrix. The inclusion of fiber reinforcement in concrete, mortar and cement paste can enhance many of the engineering properties of the basic materials, such as fracture toughness, flexural strength. An experimental investigation of compressive strength will be undertaken by partial replacement of coarse aggregate by waste ceramic tiles and glass fiber.
This research empirically determined the social welfare status as well as factors causing income disparity among paddy rice processors in Jigawa State of Nigeria using a cross-sectional survey data obtained through a well-structured questionnaire coupled with interview schedule from a total of 200 processors (67 millers and 133 par-boilers) meticulously selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Besides, the collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Empirically, it was established that income disparity across the target categories was low; however, market-wise, the market structure of the par-boilers and millers in the supply value chain was perfect and oligopolistic markets respectively. Nevertheless, based on the overall, the market structure of the processors in the supply value chain exhibited the characteristics of a perfect market. Furthermore, it was inferred that income disparity owes majorly to decline labour productivity across the target categories while poor social network and complacency attitude towards innovative marketing tools as a causal factor of income disparity are only common to the par-boilers. Moreover, it was established that macro-polices viz. food inflation and tax reforms negatively affected social welfare of the processors. Therefore, the study advice policy makers to provide social safety nets and adopt realistic economic barometers in order to ensure the sustainability of the rice supply value chain in the study area.
Eighty-one (81) water samples were collected to investigate the concentrations of heavy metal and pollution status using synthetic pollution index (SPI), Comprehensive pollution index (CPI), Heavy metal evaluation index (HMEI) and Heavy metal pollution index (HPI). Eight (8) heavy metals, iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) were analysed following standard procedure and protocols. The results of analysis showed that Fe fluctuated between 1.32 and 4.10 mg/l, Mn between 0.51 and 2.04 mg/l, Zn between 0.81 and 3.20 mg/l, Cu between 0.43 and 1.92 mg/l, Cr fluctuated between 0.26 and 1.02 mg/l, Cd between 0.15 and 1.13 mg/l, Ni between 0.12 and 0.70 mg/l, and Pb fluctuated between 0.22 and 1.24 mg/l. Through results, it was also found that the mean concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb exceeded their permissible values for drinking water (SON, 2015) whereas Mn, Cr, Cd, Ni and Zn levels exceeded their permissible values for health aquatic environment (FMEnv., 2011). The order of heavy metal concentration in the river basin were: Fe > Zn >Mn > Cu >Cr > Pb > Cd > Ni. The results of computed pollution indices revealed that most of pollution indices values were exceeded their highest classification values; SPI values were greater than 3, CPI > 2.0, HMEI >20 and HPI >1000, thus indicating that water from the river basin is unfit for drinking. In conclusion, water from Anambra River Basin pose a threat of heavy metals-related diseases to users/communities, thus, needs urgent attention for treatments by appropriated authorities.
Recycling materials and sustainable materials are two major aspects in Architecture. And when it comes to interior design this can affect more to the human being as well as the indoor environment. It’s not just we can use materials in cheaper ways that we generate less pollution and produce good air quality to have well being life cycle around you. The basic output of this project is to identify and study the hazardousness of materials and to reduce its impact and to give solutions and alternatives to use them in a healthy way. The new design era has given energy to the design perspective, many of the modern designs has its own uniqueness, basically including shapes, forms and specially the selection of materials. And as designers we all must have a concern of its nature and how it effect to the health and also to increase the indoor air quality of the particular area. And as one of my main focuses of the project is to use recycle materials you need to have an idea about what kind of materials can be used in addition to the other perspective of the design. Hazardous of the materials has its own properties which can do a real harm and even cost the lives. So as this comes as a part of mine main objective of the project this study and the exercises are depend on the study of those materials and giving them better solutions with reducing the effect on the nature and the environment.
Nutrition bar is a complete and convenient energy source for people. They are designed to be eaten quickly or while on the go. It is the most popular and healthy snack that can be consumed by everyone without any age limits. The present study was carried out to prepare nutribars from Dried pearl millet crushes and Malted pearl millet crushes and their comparative study. The dried pearl millet or sprouted pearl millet was mixed with an appropriate amount of oats, dates, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, peanut and honey. These ingredients were mixed to make it into a bar like form. The main reason for selecting pearl millet was that they are rich in vitamins, minerals, energy, protein and dietary fibers. Among all the millets micronutrients are highest for pearl millet. They are significantly rich in resistant starch, soluble and insoluble dietary fibers. Pearl millet is ideal as it is the only grain that retains its alkaline properties after being cooked as it is gluten free. The global need for high quality, nutrient dense food is rising. By combining practical novel ingredients, the food business has been forced to develop innovative goods to improve the nutrient content and % daily value per serving due to customer lifestyle changes and increased health consciousness .
An experiment was conducted on the influence of time of apical bud removal on the growth and yield of Jatropha curcas which has low performance due to poor production practices. Removal of apical dominance by decapitation has potential to improve yield of plants. However, the capacity at which decapitation can improve growth and yield of Jatropha curcashas not been adequately explored. The effects of decapitation was assessed on growth in pots in a research garden, University of Ibadan and growth and seed yield were examined on the field, at 6, 10, 14 and 18 weeks after sowing in the Institute of Agricultural Research and training, Ibadan. A control (without decapitation) was used as check. The experiments were arranged in pot and field studies using CRD and RCBD, respectively replicated four times. Number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area(cm2), dry weigh(g), days to flowering, days to fruiting, and days to fruit maturity and seed yield (g) were determined. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ANOVA at α0.05. The results from the pot experiment showed that plants decapitated at 6weeks had significantly (p>0.05) higher number of branches (6.3), Leaf area (1647.6cm2) and Dry weight (245.0g) than control (1.8; 898.7cm2 and 188.5g, respectively) and other treatments. On the field, days to flowering and days to fruit maturity showed that control plants (220.5 and 310.3)flowed and produced matured fruits earlier thanplants decapitated at 6weeks (223.8; 314.3).This was followed by decapitation at10 weeks(230.0; 321.0) and decapitation at 14weeks (238.0; 321.0).Plants decapitated at18weeks were the last to fruits and matured (240.8; 323.5). Highest Seed yield was at D6 (75.8) and least in control (29.0). The results showed that decapitation at six weeks after sowing increased growth and seed yield of Jatropha curcas.
Tourism in India plays a significant role in the country's economy and cultural heritage. This research paper comprehensively reviews the Indian tourism policy, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses. The emerging policy paradigm aims to enhance inter-governmental and public-private sector collaboration and improve the capacity for participatory governance and strategic planning at the local and regional levels. Governments and development organizations worldwide favor tourism as an economic instrument for local development. However, the concept of a region can be complex, as regions often evolve based on changing conditions. Various state institutions have the power to influence how tourism is utilized as a catalyst for regional development. These institutions include the central government, administrative departments, the courts and judiciary, enforcement agencies, other levels of government, government business enterprises, regulatory and assistance authorities, and a range of semi- state organizations. The central government also intends to recognize the positive impact oftourism on society and economic development.
Farming, particularly on a small-scale, remains one of the mainstays of food security globally. It ensures better nutrition and decreases the likelihood of starvation. The South Africa Constitution (1996), Section 27 stipulates that the citizenry has the right to food. At the local sphere of government, integrated development plans (IDPs) should identify specific strategies, plans and actions to promote small-scale farming to enhance the community’s economic and social status. It is evident that increased local government support for small-scale farming through their IDPs could enhance food production and farming outcomes. This paper focuses on the utilisation of IDPs to lessen food insecurities through small-scale farming. The study adopted a qualitative research design. Data was gathered by means of semi-structured interviews from sampled local farmers at Winnie Madikizela Mandela Local Municipality. Moreover, an extensive literature review was conducted to highlight the significance of farming and the role of the IDP towards farming. The findings revealed that municipalities should support local farming. However, challenges such as corruption, political dynamics, and the lack of required skills proved difficult for this support to succeed. This article, therefore, recommends the establishment of an independent committee to oversee the food production process and to enhance participation of the agricultural community in local government planning.
The pollution indices and health risks to the population from exposure to heavy metals in a playground soil sample was carried out in the current study. The soil sample heavy metal concentrations were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The heavy metals soil pollution indices were computed based on the Geoaccumulation index (Igeo),enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (PERI). The health risks of the evaluated heavy metals to the population were calculated using the Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI)) to assess the possible non-carcinogenic effect and the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) for the cancer risks. The results had revealed that all the evaluated heavy metals were within the regulatory bodies’ permissible limits. The I-geo values have revealed that the soil sample was unpolluted with these heavy metals. In addition, the heavy metal enrichmentfactor (EF) shows a varying degree of enrichment; Fe and Mn (deficiency to minimal) Zn (Moderate), Ni (significant), Cr (extremely high). The result of the contamination factor has indicated that the soil sample in the study has low contamination by the heavy metals. The result of pollution load index was less than 1. With the potential ecological risk index (PERI)values presenting low ecological risks. The calculated non-cancer risk indices in both the children and adult population for the heavy metals were below 1. The Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) for both the adult and children population has revealed that the heavy metal Ni was beyond the threshold of the safety range for cancer risk. The results of the pollution indices have indicated that the soil sample have low contamination, while the results for the health risk evaluation pointed to the possible contribution of exposure to the soil sample to heighten the risks for cancer in the population.
Background: The visceral fat tissue is an active organ and visceral obesity present is a potent risk factor for metabolic changes in the body. Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) is becoming a novel health assessment index and effective marker for stratifying adults for obesity phenotypes. The aim of the study is to associate and correlate the visceral adiposity index and insulin resistance among selected experimental and control adult women and to derive cut-off points among adult women between the age group of18-30 years. Methods: The target group of 300 adult women (150 obese and 150 non-obese) between the age group of 18 to 30 years were purposively selected depending on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Biochemical parameters like total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, fasting blood glucose and fasting insulin were estimated Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) and Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated and evaluated. Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis the cut-off value of VAI was found. Results: The VAI value was found to be higher among the experimental (Obese) compared to the control (Non-obese) which was 1% significant. A positive correlation was seen between of VAI with age,weight, BMI, WC, HC, WHtR, TC and TG with 1% significance. The R-value derived from the regression analysis was 0.940. The scatterplot between VAI and HOMA-IR indicates no strength of linear relation between VAI and IR. Conclusion: VAI is a simple and accurate means to measure the visceral adiposity as it is economical and can be used for sustainably.
Background: Egg consumption in India has increased due to dietary and lifestyle changes. Thus, there is a need to screen for any contamination hazardous to public health. The objective was to evaluate the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin M1(AFM1) in feed and egg samples collected from commercial and desi farms in and around Chennai. Method: To determine the compartment where aflatoxin (AFT) accumulates, egg samples were fractionated into three: whole, yolk, and albumen. Matrixes were screened for AFB1 and AFM1 residues using the AOAC method and quantified using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Result: Eighty percent of the feed samples from desi chicken farms and 86.67% from commercial farms were positive for AFB1. The highest value of AFB1 was 152.75 ppb in commercial feed samples, which was more than the MRL (20 ppb) by the European Union (EU). Five percent of the commercial and 11.67% of the desi chicken whole egg samples were positive for AFB1. Other samples (yolk and albumen) were below the detection limits. AFB1concentration was more in egg samples collected from commercial chicken farms. Further stringent measures, control, and monitoring programs must be considered to reduce AFT levels in Chennai. Keywords: laying hens, egg production, feedstuffs, mycotoxins, residual effect, albumin, yolk.
A study was conducted in the Nigerian sub-humid zone to find out the effect of seasonal change on herbage crude protein and mineral composition of verano stylo and Centro. Consequently, plant samples were obtained between September in the establishment year (wet season) through July in the succeeding year (dry season) for analysis. Highest crude protein (CP) and mineral contents were found in the herbage in the wet than in the dry season. The CP levels of centro was most different of the time lower than that of verano in the dry season. There was no appreciable difference in P concentration during the dry season but Centro had considerable higher P during the rainy season. Micro-nutrients content in the forages were quite variable with season. Crude protein, P and Cu were the most limiting nutrients, particularly, in the dry season, based on recommended critical level requirements. Feed supplementation would then become necessary for improved animal production in the zone, particularly in the dry season.
Date seeds are by-products of date palm fruit and are considered as an agro-waste and hence go underutilized. They are an excellent, natural and inexpensive source of dietary fiber, proteins, minerals, antioxidants and phenolic compounds. The present study was undertaken to assess the changes in the nutritional, antinutritional and functional characteristics of Mazafati date seeds after the process of soaking, sprouting and roasting. The date seeds were soaked for 48 hours and sprouted for 15 days at room temperature and then roasted at 220oC for 15 minutes in a hot convection oven and ground into a powder. The various quality characteristics of non-sprouted date seeds powder (NSDSP) and Sprouted date seeds powder (SDSP) was further analyzed for its. It was found that SDSP had a significant (p<0.05) increase in moisture, protein, dietary fiber, Total ash, phenolic and Flavonoid content and a significant improvement in the Anti-oxidant capacity compared to NSDSP. A significant decrease in the carbohydrates, fat, tannins and phytates was also observed in SDSP when compared to NSDSP. Hence, bio-processing technique like sprouting can enhance the nutritional value of date seeds and can be utilized as a functional ingredient in various foods products and can contribute in agro-waste reduction.
The present rate of economic growth is unsustainable without saving of fossil energy like crude oil, natural gas or coal. Plastics have become an integral part of our daily lives which causes hazardous impact on wildlife and human populations. About 380 million tons of plastic is produced worldwide. The conversion of waste plastic into fuel decreases a huge environmental and economic issues. Pyrolysis process becomes an option of waste energy technology to deliver fuel in order to replace fossil fuel. One of the main advantage of pyrolysis process is its ability to handle the unsorted and dirty plastic. This review focuses on producing pyrolyzed oil from waste plastic termed as plastic pyrolyzed oil which can be marketed at cheaper rates compared to that present in market like diesel.
This article focuses on the significance of the Prunus armeniaca L. (apricot) fruit, as well as its nutritional content, therapeutic benefits, and application in the food sector. Since fruit consumption has been linked to a lower risk of many diseases due to its nutritional and therapeutic properties. In order to enhance health, current nutritional research trends recommend ingesting 400 g or more of fruits per day. More than 60 scientific publications with the keywords “fruits importance”; “Apricot - overview, geographical extent, nutritional profile, medicinal value, and uses in the food industry” were taken into consideration for this review from a number of databases. The Prunus armeniaca L., one of the most popular stone fruits in the world and a member of the Rosaceae family, appears to be based on available data. The apricot fruit is highly regarded for its distinctive flavor and high nutritional value, which includes protein, amino acids, fibre, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, and bioactive substances. They have a variety of pharmaceutical properties, including antidiarrheal, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, anthelmintic, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and renoprotective activities. Various culinary items, including jam, juice, cookies, puree, fruit bars, and dried fruit, contain apricots. The information of the apricot fruit, including its vernacular names, hierarchy, species, description of the plant, origin and geographic scope, nutritional profile, therapeutic value, and other uses in the food industry, is all included in this review study. The data gathered will be useful for scientific research.
From 2020, International Maritime Organisation (IMO) rules have banned ships from using fuels with a sulphur content above 0.5 percent, compared with 3.5 percent before, unless they are equipped to clean up sulphur emissions. This will be enforced by fineslevied by the IMO’s member states. One of the attempts being made by the shipping industry to reduce its environmental impact is to use Fuel Cell Technology to deliver power to the vessels. Fuel cells as clean power sources are very attractive for the maritime sector, which is committed to sustainability and reducing greenhouse gas and also atmospheric pollutant emissions from ships. Fuel cells operating on hydrogen fuel are an efficient, environmentally-friendly, zero emission, direct current (DC) power source already applied to heavy duty bus, truck, and train applications, and are now under development for marine applications. The only emissions from a fuel cell are water vapour and some heat [1].Renewable hydrogen, generated from solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal sources is considered an ideal fuel for decarbonising society. It can be used for industrial purposes, power generation, heating, and as a transportation fuel. This paper aims to show how the Hydrogen fuel cell systems are one of the best options for ships to meet the future and present IMO environment requirements, along with the challenges and conveniences of using renewable hydrogen compared to traditional marine fuels including a feasibility study of a Hydrogen fuel cell powered ferry.
The aim of the study is to develop a vegan cowpea curd and green gram curd with three different flavours. The pulses selected to develop vegan curd was cowpea and green gram. Both the pulses were soaked, germinated, and ground to extract the milk. The filtered milk was then boiled and added with starter culture. Lactobacillus plantarum was added to ferment the cowpea milk. After fermentation, the curd from both the pulse was separated into three and added with three different flavours such as mango, strawberry, and chocolate. Organaoleptic evaluation was done to find the best flavour with the five point hedonic scale. Mango flavoured cowpea curd scored the highest in the sensory evaluation test compared to other two flavours. The developed curd will provide another way to increase the consumption of plant based probiotics and nutrients to people who are on a vegan diet as well as lactose intolerant subjects.
Background- Homoeopathic constitutional treatment is a method to identify the constitution of an individual and prescribing the patient considering as a whole irrespective of names of the diseases and organs affected. It is mainly based on the totality of all mental and physical make up. It is based on the principle of Homeopathy “SIMILIA SIMILIBUS CURANTER”.Aim and objective: The aim is to review and summarize and the available articles on the homoeopathic constitutional treatment of hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism in general. Material and Methods: Research carried out from all available literature books and database such as PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library using Mesh Terms: “constitution and homeopathy”, “constitutional treatment of hypothyroidism” and “hypothyroidism”. Conclusion: The study suggested that Homoeopathic Constitutional treatment is effective and has an important role in treating thyroid disorder such as hypothyroidism.
