Research on carbon storage is currently in the world spotlight along with the increasing greenhouse effect. Mangroves as one of the ecosystems play a role in blue carbon which can store more carbon than terrestrial forests. Mangroves absorb more carbon than any other forest ecosystem. This is because mangroves are included in wetlands that have the ability to store carbon when the land remains wet. An in-depth discussion was carried out by integrating various literatures on mangroves from 2011–2021 to enrich the information for this research. Mangrove area in West Kalimantan in the period 2011 - 2021 has an area of about 256,586.80 Ha which is dominated by species Brugueira spp., Rhizophora spp., Sonneratia alba, Avicennia spp. Nypa fruticans, Excoecaria agallocha, Xylocarpus moluccensis and Acrostichum speciosum. Human activities, abrasion and sedimentation have caused a decrease in the area of mangrove ecosystems in West Kalimantan. An increase in temperature has a global impact on life on the earth's surface and the environmental conditions of mangroves. The decrease in micropopulation and aboveground biomass causes a decrease in infauna species and biomass, affects nutrient cycles, destroys nurseries, and reduces mangrove ecosystem services. The results show that mangrove carbon storage in the period 2011 - 2021 is 628.10 tons C.ha-1 which has an economic valuation of 3,410.50 US$. Efforts to mitigate global warming and trade in mangroves can be carried out through community-based restoration, restoration of forest plantings, integrated coastal ecosystem rehabilitation, and economic approaches.
Decreasing of water quality and exceeding the loading capacity of water pollution are the main causes of the high mortality of cage aquaculture along the river in South Kalimantan province. The research objective was to analyze the river water quality profile, and to evaluate the loading capacity of water pollution around the cage aquaculture. The observations were made at 3 points (upstream, middle and downstream) along Harus river where is the center for the development of cage aquaculture in Banua Lawas District, Tabalong Regency. On each of these points, measurement of physico-chemical parameters of water and flow rates were carried out. Measurement and data collection were performed twice with intervals between measurements for 30 days. Water quality parameters analyzed were water temperature, pH, TSS, NH3-N, NO3-N, PO4-P, BOD, COD, and DO. Based the eight water quality parameters measured, there were three parameters that tend to exceeding the loading capacity of water pollution on all the river segments, namely PO4-P, (at middle = 16 kg day-1, and downstream = 459 kg day-1), BOD (at upstream = 301 kg day-1, middle = 547 kg day-1, and downstream = 2,086 kg day-1) and COD (at upstream = 521 kg day-1, middle = 380 kg day-1 and downstream = 1,249 kg day-1). Exceeding the load capacity of BOD and COD were prone to cause depletion of DO in the river in which can potentially cause massive fish mortality.
Peatland is a unique, marginal, and fragile ecosystem. Its utilization must be based on thorough research and planning, and it needs supports from everyone. Yards, fields, and gardens are the forms that the community generally uses to utilize peatlands. This research aims to assess community's activities in the peatlands as their source of living and income. This research was conducted in Indonesia, specifically in the Province of South Kalimantan within an area with the biggest peatland contour. Descriptive data research was analyzed using thematic, socio-economic, and SWOT analysis. Research finding showed that farming is the suitable source of livelihood in the peatlands, besides plantation and other fields. The highest income from non-land activities on the peatlands are from entrepreneurship, physical service, and animal husbandry. People's general livelihood are as farmers whose prior commodity is with bigger average income than the province minimum wage per month. This is expected to describe that income from peatlands can make the ends meet of the community. This can also increase farmer's knowledge in cultivating their lands, the choice of plant type that is suitable with biophysical conditions of the peatlands. To work on the limit of the community's knowledge, activities and solutions from the experts on how to deal with farmer's problems in cultivating peatlands, are needed. Agroforestry technique is very suitable to analyze the source of livelihood. As forms to reserve lands in a farming world, the use of husk charcoal is also suggested. It has abundant benefits. It is often used for soil loosening, even for composting. Farmers make use of it for making compost, bokashi, Takakura, planting media, and seedbed media.
One of the local fish resources in South Kalimantan is Anabas testudineus fish. It is known that A. testudineus fish mucus has antibacterial activity, but this study only looked at the inhibitory of fish mucus. Until now, there has been no test for the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of A. testudineus fish mucus. One of the bacteria that infect wounds is S. aureus. MIC and MBC obtained are used as a reference in determining the concentration of A. testedineus fish mucus gel for wound healing activity test. This study aimed to determine the MIC and MBC of A. testudineus fish mucus in S. aureus and analyze the wound healing activity of A. testudineus fish mucus. MIC and MBC using turbidity test. In this research, 3 fish mucus gel formulas are made. Wound healing activity test on Wistar rats that were given wound initiation with a diameter of 1.5 cm, and were observed after 7 days of treatment. Observations were made covering the area of the wound using image J and histology of rat skin. The results showed that MIC and MBC of A. testudineus fish mucus were 21.875%. Fish mucus gel formula was made into concentrations of 10%, 20% and 40%. The results of the wound healing test showed that giving A. testudineus fish mucus caused a decrease in the area of the wound but based on histology of the skin, the inflammation still occurred.
Increasing rice production with the use of high-yielding varieties and proper plant spacing must consider the environmental aspect. Organic agriculture is an effort to accelerate the cultivation techniques with environmental health, in addition, the research site is a tidal land that has been cultivating rice organically since 2009. The research aimed to study the growth and yield of superior varieties and new plant type of rice on various cropping systems in tidal land. The research was carried out at the Laboratory of Center for Protection of Food Crops and Horticulture, Sungai Tabuk District, Banjar Regency. The experimental design was a split-plot with three replications. The main plot were s1 = Tile System, s2 = Legowo System 2:1, s3 = Legowo System 8:1 cropping systems and subplots were v1= Ciherang, v2= Mekongga, v3= IPB Batola 6R, v4= IPB 3S varieties. The experimental unit was a plot with a size of 10 m2. The results showed that there was no interaction between cropping systems and rice varieties. The main plot of cropping system Legowo 2:1 showed the best percentage of filled grain per panicle (87%). Sub-plot of rice varieties affected some plant growth and yield variables. Superior varieties Ciherang and Mekongga had more tillers and panicles per clump. The new plant type varieties showed a greater number of grains per panicle and tended to have a better percentage of filled grains per panicle and a weight of 1,000 grains.
Research on the phenotype characteristics of Alabio Ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos Borneo) in South Kalimantan was conducted to determine the phenotypic characteristics of 3 central Alabio ducks (Hulu Sungai Utara, Banjar and Tabalong Regencies). The materials used in this study were 480 Alabio ducks, aged ± 6 months, consisting of 30 males and 450 females. The method used in this research was a survey method that was multistage random sampling. The variables observed were dominancy and pattern colors of feathers on neck, breast, back, wing, leg, and tail, beak color and shank color. Based on the results of observations in the Tabalong, HSU and Banjar Regencies, the results show that Alabio ducks have 6 kinds of colors that appear on observed body parts, namely black, grayish-white, blackish-gray, brownish-gray, brown, brownish-white, black, and brownish-white, light-brown spots or dark brown spots on breast feather. The colors of the beak and shank of male and female Alabio ducks are light-yellow or whitish yellow. While the uniform color characteristics are found in male and female Alabio ducks, namely on the grayish-white neck feathers, blackish gray and bluish green on wing feathers, blackish and brownish gray on back-feathers, brownish and black gray on tail-feathers and brownish-white, light brown spots. or dark brown spots on breast-feather. In conclusion, there are not many differences in both the dominant feather color, the variation in the color of the feathers, the beak, the shank of the Alabio ducks, since most of them come from the similar ancestors.
This research had two objectives. The first objective was to quantity the carbon emissions from fires of various types of tropical wetland vegetation using Sentinel-2 imagery. The second objective was to measure how long the carbon stock will recover using Sentinel-2 imagery. Burned areas were extracted automatically using the Relativized Burn Ratio (RBR). Calculation of carbon emissions and carbon sequestrations were carried out by measuring the differences in Above Ground Biomass (AGB) before the fires, right after the fires, and a few months after the vegetation re-grows after the fires. Therefore, multitemporal Sentinel-2 MSI imageries from three different times are required. All imageries processing was carried out using the ESA SNAP software. The results showed that tropical wetland fires emited an average of 121.61 Mg C/ha, or equivalent to 445.9 Mg CO2/ha. Furthermore, tropical wetlands had an average rate of about 9.27 months to restore their carbon stocks to their pre-burnt state. Peatland forests took the longest time to recover to its original carbon stock state after burning, which was almost 22 years to recover.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) production plays a major role in enhancing food security in Malaysia. Lower rice yield and improper soil management practices have raised serious concerns about rice cultivation in Malaysia. The objective of this study was to examine the short-term effects of rice husk biochar (RHB) application on rice yields production on low yielding area for two crop cycles. RHB was applied at the rates of 0, 5, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1. Rice husk biochar was applied one week before rice seeds, of variety MR 263, were directly seeded. Results of the study showed that RHB significantly increased grain yield by 44% and 46% in first and second crop cycles, respectively, as compared to the control treatment. Likewise, RHB amended plots showed significant improvement of rice yield components, viz. productive tiller, panicle length, and weight per panicle, than those of the control plots in the first and second crop cycles. Furthermore, RHB significantly increased nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) uptake by 17%, 18%, 29%, respectively, in the first crop cycle, and 26%, 23%, 110%, respectively, in the second crop cycle. RHB application also significantly improved soil available P, exchangeable K and exchangeable Mg in the two crop cycles. Another interesting finding was that the use of RHB reduced soil total carbon loss by 4% to 12% compared with 19% by the control treatment. These findings suggest that RHB can potentially be used as a soil amendment to increase rice yield production, enhance soil nutrient availability and nutrient uptake, as well as reduce carbon losses especially during drought period.
Abstract. Historically, Banjarese is living in lowland around the Barito riverbank, in the southern part of Borneo Island, from about around the 12th century. The first part of Banjarese history is a legend, but about the last three hundred years, there are data about Banjarese as a civilization with a kingdom involved in western colonialism history in Indonesia, as the pepper producer in the 17th century. They have settled almost in all Barito river tributaries and its basin and have been a part of the Barito freshwater wetland community, together with other Kalimantan ethnics such as Dayak hinterland or Malay in the coastal. This research aims to elucidate how far Banjarese is involved in managing wetlands, especially in managing Snakehead's population, enjoying its benefit and sustainability. We observe the fishers' activity on the field and village along Barito river and its basin and tributaries, visit their villages and interview them, and collect data from forum group discussion. About 60 participative respondents involve in our research. They are pleased to answer our question, explain how to cat the fish, and accompany us to evaluate Beje, ditches, or little ponds positioned lower than the land surface for placed sustainable fishes in a long dry season. The result shows that Banjarese are traditionally managing the population of Snakehead and as a symbol of prosperity and conserve them for sustainability.
Palangka Raya as the capital city of Central Kalimantan become the center lane economy leading to increase population growth and clean water demand. There are still areas experiencing water shortage problems because of the difficulty of distributing clean water. Objectives of this study were to determine the amount of water demand in 2016, 2020, 2025, 2030 and 2035 to fulfill the community requirements. Water quality and supply capacity at the intake system are also be the purposes of this study. In this study, the calculation of population projections using statistical methods in which to observe the rate of population growth of the past to estimate the number of people in the future. There are several methods that can be used to analyze the population growth in the future, specifically Arithmetic, Geometric, Linear Regression, Exponential, and Logarithmic. For water quality field survey was conducted to test parameters such as temperature, electrical conductivity, the amount of dissolved solids, pH, turbidity, salinity, and dissolved oxygen measurements. The method in this research was using Arithmetic method because the correlation can be said to be excellent compared to other methods. Results of this research were clean water demand discharge town of Palangka Raya with consecutive results as follows in 2016; 2020; 2025; 2030; 2035 amounted to 451.03 L/sec, 737.14 L/sec, 1,162.34 L/sec, 1,425.83 L/sec, 1,571.12 L/sec. In the aspect of water quality, source of raw water used PDAM Palangka Raya unqualified the standards in terms of pH value, so the use of water was not safe for the residents of Palangka Raya city.
Martapura River is indicated to have been contaminated by heavy metal can adversely affect the kidneys. This study aims to analyze the impact of water consumption of the Martapura River on the microscopic image of white rat kidneys. Microscopic structure of the kidneys studied were the glomerulus, proximal renal tubule, and renal medullary tubule. Research design used a post test only with control group, with 32 white rats as the subject divided into 2 research groups, namely control group (given distilled water) and treatment group (given Martapura River water) ad libitum for 30 days. Analysis of research data using test t-independent at 95% confidence level. The results showed the number of glomerulus in the control group was less than the treatment group (p = 0.017); the glomerular diameter in the treatment group was smaller than the control group (p = 0.007); the number of proximal renal tubules in the treatment group was less than the control group (p = 0.025); lumen diameter of proximal renal tubules in the treatment group was not significantly different than the control group (p = 0.025); the number of renal medullary tubules in the treatment group was not significantly different than the control group (p = 0.347); and the lumen diameter of the renal medulla tubules in the treatment did not differ significantly compared to the control group (p = 0.015). Conclusion is consuming Martapura river water which contains heavy metals causing damage to the glomerulus, proximal renal tubule and tubule of the renal medulla
Domestic wastewater contains high organic matter and nutrient. These compounds can be harmful for the environment if discharged directly to water bodies. Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (HABR) technology might be a solution to overcome this problem. The present study aimed to investigate HABR technology for removal COD and ammonia in domestic wastewater. The HABR technology used 7 compartments with a suspended and an attachment system. Design of HABR reactor with is arranged in a series of laboratory scale with a size of 90 cm x 20 cm x 30 cm using activate charcoal (AC) and zeolite (ZE) media. The data collection process is carried out 5 days after seeding and acclimatization period. The collected data is presented in the form of table and figure containing data on the reduction of pollutant levels and efficiency. The highest COD removal value up to 63.77% and 57.22% occurred in AC dan ZE, respectively. The final COD concentration in AC dan ZE media was 67.75 mg/L and 80.00 mg/L. The highest ammonia concentration removal occurred in AC and ZE value up to 68.98%. and 73.47%, respectively. The final ammonia concentration in AC media and ZE was 9.37 mg/L and 8.01 mg/L. The final COD and ammonia concentrations in all treatments met the requirement of domestic wastewater quality standard according to Minister of Environment and Forestry Republic of Indonesia Decree No. 68 of 2016, where the COD and ammonia concentration should be 100.00 mg/L and 10.00 mg/L, respectively.
The Tambak Anyar polder is one of the many traditional polders scattered in the Banjar Regency. Nevertheless, this polder is flooded almost every year. The purpose of this research is to evaluate dependable discharge that entering to polder system that can be supported by the river capacity inside the polder for flood mitigation. The method used to estimate the water availability is the Mock Model. Furthermore, the data needed are observed discharge, rainfall, and evapotranspiration data. The results of water availability analysis shown that the maximum dependable flow Q80% obtained is 4.89m3/s in the 1st period of January, and the minimum dependable flow Q80% is 1.37 m3/s in the 2nd period of September. The discharge entering the polder is quite large; the capability of Tambak Anyar River as a conveyor channel only can collect 29.74% from the dependable discharge, while the Rantau Bujur River only can accommodate 7.47% in April. In May, Tambak Anyar River's capability can only collect 7.17% from the dependable discharge, while the Rantau Bujur River can only accommodate 0.81%. The amount of discharge cannot be supported by the conveyor river inside the polder. The paddy fields in the Tambak Anyar polder often overflow caused by excess water. This excess of water caused floods that inundated the polder area and the other areas in Banjar Regency as of the beginning of January 2021. The amount of water that has access to the polder is not counterbalanced by watergates facilities and infrastructure management.
Malang and Wonosari areas are located in Southern Mountains of Java, and their rock variations are comparable. Study focuses on limestone found at Sumbermanjing Wetan, Malang, that has been identified as part of Wonosari Formation. This place is closer to Punung area as viewed from the type location. Limestone microfacies approach is used to determine whether the limestone belongs to Wonosari or Punung formations. Methods used to identify standard microfacies types and facies zone are measured stratigraphy, petrographic analysis, and microfossil analysis. Measured stratigraphy was conducted along Bangbang River, and seven limestone samples were collected for analysis. Findings showed three standard microfacies types: SMF-5 characterized by packstone or rudstone with a mudstone matrix, SMF-8 characterized by wackstone or floatstone with complete fossils, and SMF-18 characterized by grainstone or packstone with abundant foraminifera or algae. Limestone belongs to facies zone (FZ) 7 - 8, which is characterized by presence of packestone, wackestone, clay sized limestone, and benthic algae foraminifers. Limestone ages range from Middle to Upper Miocene (N12 - N16), were formed in an inner Neritic. Limestone is equivalent to Wonosari and Punung Formations, based on standard microfacies type, facies zone, and age range. When lignite intercalation are present, the limestone is equivalent to the Punung Formation.
Wetlands are ecologically diverse habitats that are integral to a range of ecosystem processes and provide many important ecosystem services. Despite of its vital role in the natural life support system, many wetlands are being misused and degraded due. Therefore, for the wise & sustainable use of wetlands, it is the utmost need to value the wetland. Taking this into consideration, the study estimated the total economic value of the Mardhar Wetland. The study identifies and prioritizes the major services of the wetland. The study used the market and nonmarket based valuation techniques to estimate the total economic value of the reservoir. Household surveys, focus group discussions, and interaction with visitors, fishermen plus wetland-based enterprises as well as district stakeholders were carried out to collect information. A purposive sampling method was carried out to select actors for the interview. Collected data from the field were analyzed quantitatively and quantitatively. The study identified thirteen major ecosystem services from the wetland. The study prioritized the major ecosystem services of the reservoir which include fish harvesting, ecotourism, and medicinal plant collection . The study estimated the total annual economic value of the reservoir which is USD US$ 10978.40 out of which the economic benefit from provisioning services account about 98.6%.
The large number of nypa (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) fruit bunches that are carried away by the river indicates that this fruit has not been fully utilized by the community. This study aimed to measure the ratio of filled nypa fruit and determine the rendement of flour from ripe and filled nypa fruit. Ten ripe fruit bunches from 5 clumps were taken from Bunipah Village, Kandangan Lama Village, and Kuala Tambangan Village, Tanah Laut Regency, Indonesia respectively. The fruits were removed from the bunch, sorted according to content, and counted. After the filled fruits were halved, each endosperm was removed from the shell and weighed. The endosperm was then grated. The result was dried through exposure to sunlight for 3 days and pounded. The resulting flour was filtered, dried again through exposure to sunlight for 2 days, and weighed. Main data from the series of steps were the number of filled fruits as well as empty fruits each bunch, the weight of endosperm, and the weight of flour obtained. The normality of the data was tested by the Liliefors test and homogeneity by the Bartlett test. Diversity was analyzed by randomized block design (3 treatments, 3 replications). The ratio of filled fruit referred as the ratio of the number of filled fruits to the total number of fruits on the bunch, while the rendement of flour referred as the ratio of the weight of flour produced to the weight of processed endosperm. The ratio of filled fruits in Bunipah Village (75.83%) and Kandangan Lama Village (75.46%) were higher than in Kuala Tambangan Village (28.55%). The rendement of nypa fruit flour from the highest to the lowest came from Kandangan Lama Village (30.71%), Bunipah Village (30.27%), and Kuala Tambangan Village (25.57%). This rendement was obtained through grating.
This research aims explored swampland plants in South Kalimantan which have potential as a botanical pesticides and compared the levels of toxicity between the swampland plants extracts against armyworms (Spodoptera sp). The exploration of plants that have the potential as botanical pesticides was carried out in the swamps of South Kalimantan, while the toxicity test was carried out in the Basic Laboratory of the Kalimantan Islamic University of Muhammad Arsyad Al Banjari Banjarmasin. The research was carried out by exploring plants that have the potential as botanical pesticides carried out by collecting samples of swampland plants in South Kalimantan which are commonly used by rural communities as materials for controlling insects such as mosquitoes and plant pests, plants used for traditional medicine, plants used for kill animals for example to find fish. The plants found identified to species level, at least to the family level, then a toxicity test were carried out to determine the LC50 by probit analysis. The results of this research showed that there are 3 plant spesies of plant that have the potential as botanical pesticide, namely karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum); gelinggang (Cassia alata); and galam (Melaleuca cajuputi). The basis for the selection of South Kalimantan swampland plants is plants that are commonly used by the community as an ingredient for controlling insects such as mosquitoes and plant pests. The highest levels of toxicity between the extracts of all swampland plants in South Kalimantan to armyworms (Spodoptera sp) were galam (Melaleuca cajuputi) with 429.04 g/l of LC50; then karamunting (Melastoma malabathricum) with 447.995 g/l LC50, while the lowest toxicity was gelinggang (Cassia alata) with 498.301 g/l LC50. Key words: Probit analysis, LC50, toxicity, exploration, swampland
The research aimed to determine the monthly operational groundwater control and land use patterns in fire prevention efforts on peatlands. The research method was carried out using a detailed survey scale method in the representative sample area of 20-30 ha. Observations in the field included measuring the physical properties of soils and observing hydrological components. Group discussions with the community were conducted to explore information on the causes of fires, compilation of plans for operational activities in the field, and land use models. The research results showed that in the soil depth of 0-20 cm the level of peat maturity classified as Sapric (mature), at a depth of 20-50 cm is classified as hemic and at a depth of 50-100 cm belongs to fibric (immature). The effects of blocking canal construction were very significant in raising the water level in the channel and groundwater table. However, due to the low rainfall until December 2019, the groundwater level was not yet able to raise to the point of arrangement 40 cm. Till the end of December 2019, the groundwater level was at 70 cm, however there has been an increase in groundwater level of 30 cm since the beginning of December 2019. In the rainfall conditions < 2500 mm/year, blocking canal operations with a retention system have to begin in April. Agroforestry is the best model and Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. (sengon) in combination with pineapple plants are the best land use pattern. In addition, some short-term proposals are to provide infrastructure for firefighting, the construction of a road embankment, normalization of main rivers and canals, providing boring wells, making security control posts, training, monitoring, and providing some incentives for farmers to clear land and firefighting teams at the village level.
Herbivory is a natural mechanisms for adjustment of tree growth, form, survivorship, and reproductive output of forest ecology including in mangrove ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to compare herbivory and insect diversity in various growth stages of Avicennia Sp. related with restoration of mangrove ecosystem. The research was carried out four months (July-October 2020) in Pagatan Besar mangrove ecosystem in Tanah Laut District, South Kalimantan Province. The results showed that marginal pattern is the most leaf attack case, both in every plant growth stages (39-68%) and canopy (53-58%) of Avicennia Sp. The highest average of leaf damage was found in lower canopy (3.06%), and the growth stage of seedling (3.62%). Herbivory most often found at lower canopy (3.17%) and seedling life stages (3.76%) of Avicennia Sp. It was found about 13 species of insects in all growth stages of Avicennia Sp. with the highest Biodiversity Index found in seedling (0.753). Insects function on all life stages of Avicennia Sp. was dominated by predator.
Aruah Islands is located on an international shipping line adjacent to Malaysia. The important aspect in borderline management is the maritime resource potential, one of which is sea minerals. In order to dig the information about marine mineral resources in Aruah Islands, a high-resolution seismic reflection with low frequency was applied, which capable to detect the depth and identify the sedimentary layers clearly and accurately. The depth of water and sediment layers were detected using an echosounder, reason Navi sound type 210 with a tow fish 100 kHz and shallow seismic boomer with a single channel type and wave energy 200 Joules. Gravity core and grab sampler were used to collect the sediment sample. There were three stages on seismic interpretation: sequence analysis, facies analysis, and reflection character identification. Furthermore, sediments containing coarse sand-sized minerals were observed using a microscope. The measurement result of Aruah Islands water depth was ranging from 0-80 m, the deepest part is on the Northern of Batu Mandi island which was 80 m depth. Seismic profiles indicated that the upper layer of tertiary sedimentary as the youngest rocks. Based on sediment thickness, the thickest area was found on the Western (approx. 50 m) and the Northern (approx. 32 m). In line with the island’s Southern part condition, which was plain or shallow sea exposure, the Southeastern island sediment thickness ranged only about 10-18 m. Generally, based on the analyzed sediment sample, quartz was the main mineral found, which was 60-80% of the composition. Other minerals were zircon, tin, hematite, magnetite, limonite, biotite, and dolomite.
