铁死亡是近年来发现的不同于细胞凋亡、坏死和自噬的一种新的细胞死亡形式。细胞内依赖谷胱甘肽和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的抗氧化防御系统失活以及有毒脂质氢过氧化物过量蓄积是诱发铁死亡的主要病理生理变化。此外，有毒脂质氢过氧化物的生成大多依赖于二价铁，且特异性铁螯合剂可抑制铁离子紊乱介导的铁死亡。近年来研究发现铁死亡与心血管疾病密切相关，该文概述了铁死亡机制以及铁死亡在心肌梗死、缺血再灌注损伤、慢性心力衰竭、心脏移植、血管疾病和抗肿瘤药物导致的心肌细胞损伤中的作用，为未来临床心血管疾病的治疗提供了新的方向。.
Objective: To determine the impact of inflammatory reaction levels and the culprit plaque characteristics on preprocedural Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: The is a retrospective study. A total of 1 268 STEMI patients who underwent pre-intervention optical coherence tomography (OCT) examination of culprit lesion during emergency PCI were divided into 2 groups by preprocedural TIMI flow grade (TIMI 0-1 group (n =964, 76.0%) and TIMI 2-3 group (n =304, 24.0%)). Baseline clinical data of the 2 groups were collected; blood samples were collected for the detection of inflammatory markers such as high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), myocardial injury marker, blood lipid, etc.; echocardiography was used to determine left ventricular ejection fraction; coronary angiography and OCT were performed to define the lesion length, diameter stenosis degree of the infarct-related arteries, presence or absence of complex lesions, culprit lesion type, area stenosis degree and vulnerability of culprit plaques. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent correlation factors. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of continuous independent correlation factors was analyzed, and the best cut-off value of TIMI 0-1 was respectively determined according to the maximum value of Youden index. Results: The mean age of 1 268 STEMI patients were (57.6±11.4) years old and 923 cases were males (72.8%). Compared with TIMI 2-3 group, the patients in TIMI 0-1 group were older and had higher N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level, lower cardiac troponin I (cTnI) level, lower left ventricular ejection fraction, and higher hsCRP level (5.16(2.06, 11.78) mg/L vs. 3.73(1.51, 10.46) mg/L). Moreover, the hsCRP level of patients in TIMI 0-1 group was higher in the plaque rupture subgroup (all P<0.05). Coronary angiography results showed that compared with TIMI 2-3 group, the proportion of right coronary artery (RCA) as the infarct-related artery was higher, the angiographical lesion length was longer, minimal lumen diameter was smaller, and diameter stenosis was larger in TIMI 0-1 group (all P<0.05). The prevalence of plaque rupture was higher (75.8% vs. 61.2%) in TIMI 0-1 group. Plaque vulnerability was significantly higher in TIMI 0-1 group than that in TIMI 2-3 group with larger mean lipid arc (241.27°±46.78° vs. 228.30°±46.32°), more thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA, 72.4% vs. 57.9%), more frequent appearance of macrophage accumulation (84.4% vs. 70.7%) and cholesterol crystals (39.1% vs. 25.7%). Minimal flow area was smaller [1.3(1.1-1.7)mm2 vs. 1.4(1.1-1.9)mm2, all P<0.05] and flow area stenosis was higher (78.2%±10.6% vs. 76.3%±12.3%) in TIMI 0-1 group. Multivariable analysis showed that mean lipid arc>255.55°, cholesterol crystals, angiographical lesion length>16.14 mm, and hsCRP>3.29 mg/L were the independent correlation factors of reduced preprocedural TIMI flow grade in STEMI patients. Conclusions: Plaque vulnerability and inflammation are closely related to reduced preprocedural TIMI flow grade in STEMI patients.
经导管主动脉瓣置换术（TAVR）现已成为治疗主动脉瓣狭窄的重要手段，发展迅速。目前我国接受TAVR治疗的患者中约40%为二叶式主动脉瓣。二叶式主动脉瓣这一主动脉瓣瓣叶形态，因其解剖特殊性，仍属于TAVR治疗的挑战解剖类型。近期中华医学会心血管病学分会结构性心脏病学组撰写的《经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗二叶式主动脉瓣狭窄的中国专家建议》已发表，现对此专家建议进行解读。
Objective: To summarize the efficacy of combined treatment strategy of mechanical circulation support devices and immunomodulation therapy for patients with fulminant myocarditis. Method: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data and outcomes of 37 fulminant myocarditis patients complicating cardiogenic shock, who were hospitalized from October 2017 to December 2019 in our department. Patients received guideline therapy according to "Chinese expert consensus statement on clinical diagnosis and treatment of fulminant myocarditis in adults"issued by Chinese Society of Cardiology of Chinese Medical Association. Patients were divided into IABP group (n=19), ECMO group (n=5) and IABP+ECMO group (n=13) according to different mechanical circulation support regimen. The treatment effectiveness among various groups were compared. The major endpoint was in-hospital mortality. The duration and outcome of mechanical circulation support were also analyzed. Furthermore, relationships between baseline data, proportion of different treatments (including medicine treatment, temporary pacemaker and continuous renal replacement treatment, immunomodulation therapy) and clinical outcome were analyzed. Results: The age of the 37 patients in the cohort was (37.4±17.0) years, and there were 22 male among them. Immunomodulation therapy included glucocorticoid (methylprednisolone) and intravenous immunoglobin. At admission, blood pressure was (70.21±17.37)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),heart rate was(100±30)beat/minutes,there were 10 cases of Ⅲ° atrioventricular block and all received temporary pacemaker implantation, 12 cases of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation,1 patient received temporary pacemaker implantation due to electronic storm, peak cardiac troponin I level was (18.61±9.55)μg/L, peak B type natriuretic peptide level was 1 670(518,3 410)ng/L,left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was(32.3±10.4)%. Thirty-four out of the 37 patients survived and 3 patients died. Hospital duration was (22.7±8.2)days, LVEF was (50.1±10.5)% at discharge. Lactic acid level was significantly higher in IABP+ECMO group than in IABP group and ECMO group(P<0.001 or =0.005),LVEF was significantly lower in IABP+ECMO group than in IABP group(P=0.004),the proportion of ventilator usage was higher in IABO+ECMO group than in IABP group (P<0.05). Survival rate was similar among the three groups. Conclusion: Comprehensive treatment regimen with combined mechanical circulation support and immunomodulation therapy as the core strategies is effective in the treatment of fulminant myocarditis complicated with cardiogenic shock.
兰尼碱受体2（RyR2）是调节心肌细胞兴奋收缩偶联的重要离子通道蛋白，RyR2的磷酸化在生理条件下调节心肌细胞肌浆网Ca 2+储存和释放过程。儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）是一种遗传性离子通道疾病，RyR2基因突变是其最常见的突变形式。RyR2磷酸化异常引发的钙泄漏是CPVT发作的重要病理生理机制，不同的RyR2突变对RyR2磷酸化的影响不同。本文综述了RyR2磷酸化异常在CPVT中的病理作用。
心电图是医学史上逾百年而经久不衰的检查和诊断技术之一。心电图机是国内临床最基本的医疗设备，甚至目前已成为可自购的穿戴设备。然而，百年前第一台心电图机在中国的诞生和发展，凝聚了众多中国医学先驱及协和前辈们的艰辛心血和不懈努力，也见证了中国近代史的变革、动乱及新生。本文提供了详实的历史资料和照片，追溯了北京协和医院心电图百年发展史，以及心电先驱们对中国心电图机的使用、改造及普及作出的卓越贡献。
血管迷走性晕厥是神经反射性晕厥中的一类，在各类晕厥中发病率最高，具有十分复杂的神经反射机制，而防止晕厥的再发的方式是限制该反射的各个环节。在各种治疗方法中，无论是口服药物治疗，亦或是健康教育、生活方式管理等，均没有达到预期的结果，置入永久性心脏起搏器治疗仅对心脏抑制型患者有效，且年轻患者接受程度低。随着导管消融技术的发展，临床上开始尝试消融自主神经节去迷走神经化，阻断迷走神经的信号传出，从而治疗血管迷走性晕厥。本文对心脏自主神经节消融术治疗血管迷走性晕厥的进展进行综述。
冠状动脉粥样硬化是一种慢性动脉炎症性疾病，是导致心血管疾病发生的重要原因，严重威胁人类健康。冠状动脉周围脂肪组织由于与冠状动脉邻近，而逐渐受到研究者的重视。近年来，越来越多的研究表明血管周围脂肪组织与血管壁之间具有复杂的双向通讯，动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成始于脂肪组织释放的因子，而冠状动脉周围脂肪组织感受到冠状动脉炎症后也会发生形态和分泌特征的变化，这些变化可以被冠状动脉计算机断层扫描血管造影识别。本文对近年来血管周围脂肪组织在冠状动脉粥样硬化中的作用和评价指标进行了综述。
在无症状的高危人群中进行改善生活方式和控制危险因素的一级预防，可显著降低动脉粥样硬化性心血管病（ASCVD）的发病率和死亡率。建立ASCVD的风险评估技术，在无症状人群中筛选出ASCVD风险程度较高的亚组并进行强化干预，已成为ASCVD一级预防的关键。本文系统阐述了ASCVD传统危险因素的预测价值和限制性以及可预测ASCVD的多组学和影像学技术的新进展，并对今后的研究进行了展望，这些研究将进一步强化ASCVD的预测体系，在无症状人群中实现心血管疾病风险的精准预测。
Objective: To analyze the current status, trend and predictors of thromboembolism risk assessment in patients hospitalized with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in tertiary hospitals in China. Methods: The study was based on data from the Improving Care for Cardiovascular disease in China (CCC)-Atrial Fibrillation (AF) project. About 10% of the tertiary hospitals in each geographic-economic stratum were recruited. Participating hospitals reported the first 10 to 20 patients with a discharge diagnosis of atrial fibrillation monthly. From February 2015 to December 2019, a total of 49 104 NVAF patients from 151 tertiary hospitals in 30 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions were enrolled. Clinical data of the patients was collected. The proportion of NVAF patients receiving thromboembolism risk assessment, variations in the proportion between different hospitals, the time trend of the application of thromboembolism risk assessment, and the predictors of the application of thromboembolism risk assessment were analyzed. Results: The age of the NVAF patients was (68.7±12.1) years, 27 709 patients (56.4%) were male. Only 17 251 patients (35.1%) received thromboembolism risk assessment. The proportion varied substantially between hospitals with the lowest value of 0 and the highest value of 100%. Among the hospitals, which enrolled more than 30 patients, no patients received thromboembolism risk assessment in 18.4% (26/141) of the hospitals, more than 50% of the patients received thromboembolism risk assessment in 21.3% (30/141) of the hospitals, and all the patients received thromboembolism risk assessment in only 1 hospital. The proportion of NVAF patients receiving thromboembolism risk assessment was 16.2% (220/1 362) in the first quarter of 2015, and significantly increased to 67.1% (1 054/1 572) in the last quarter of 2019 (P<0.001). Patients' characteristics were associated with the application of thromboembolism risk assessment. The odds of receiving thromboembolism risk assessment was lower in male patients compared to female patients(OR=0.94,95%CI 0.89-0.99), lower in patients with acute coronary syndrome or other cardiovascular diseases compared to those with AF as the primary admission reason (OR=0.59, 95%CI 0.55-0.63, OR=0.52, 95%CI 0.45-0.61, respectively), and lower in patients with paroxysmal, persistent and long-standing/permanent AF compared to those with first detected AF (OR=0.62, 95%CI 0.57-0.67, OR=0.72, 95%CI 0.66-0.79, OR=0.57, 95%CI 0.52-0.64, respectively). The odds was higher in patients with a history of hypertension, heart failure, stroke/TIA, and previous anticoagulant therapy compared to those without the above conditions (OR=1.17, 95%CI 1.11-1.23, OR=1.18, 95%CI 1.07-1.30, OR=1.17, 95%CI 1.08-1.27, OR=1.28, 95%CI 1.19-1.37, respectively) (P all<0.05). Conclusion: Thromboembolism risk assessment was underused in patients hospitalized with NVAF in tertiary hospitals in China, and there were substantial variations between hospitals in the application of thromboembolism risk assessment. The application of thromboembolism risk assessment in tertiary hospitals has been improved in recent years, but there is still plenty of room for future improvement. Patients' characteristics could affect the application of thromboembolism risk assessment in China.
Objective: To explore the relationship between the ideal cardiovascular health behaviors and factors and newonset heart failure. Methods: It was a prospective cohort study. People who attended the 2006-2007 physical examination of Kailuan Group Company and with complete data of cardiovascular behaviors and related factors were eligible for this study. A total of 95 167 participants who were free of valvular heart diseases, congenital heart diseases and a prior history of heart failure were included. Basic cardiovascular health score (CHS) of each participant was calculated. Participants were divided into 3 groups according to CHS. Group 1:CHS<8 (n=26 640), Group 2:8≤CHS<10 (n=35 230), Group3:CHS≥10 (n=33 297). The general clinical data and laboratory test results were collected. The outcome was defined as the first occurrence of heart failure at the end of followup(December 31, 2016). Cox regression model was used to determine the association between baseline CHS and the risk of newonset heart failure. Results: After a median followup of 10.3 years, the incidence of newonset heart failure in the group of CHS<8,8≤CHS<10,CHS≥10 were 2.7%(729/26 640), 1.8%(651/35 230) and 1.1%(360/33 297),respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, history of myocardial infarction, history of atrial fibrillation, income, alcohol consumption, education and the use of antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, glucose-lowering medications, compared with the group of CHS<8, the Cox regression model showed that HRs of the group of 8≤CHS<10 and CHS≥10 were 0.68 (95%CI 0.61-0.75), 0.49 (95%CI 0.43-0.55), respectively. Cox regression analysis after removing each single cardiovascular behavior or factor showed that the HR value range ability was as follows:systolic blood pressure(HR=0.78,95%CI 0.74-0.82), body mass index(HR=0.78,95%CI 0.74-0.82), fasting blood glucose (HR=0.77,95%CI 0.73-0.81), total cholesterol(HR=0.76,95%CI 0.72-0.80), physical exercise(HR=0.72,95%CI 0.69-0.76), smoking(HR=0.75,95%CI 0.71-0.79) and salt intake(HR=0.73,95%CI 0.69-0.77). Conclusion: CHS is negatively associated with the risk of newonset heart failure, and there is a dose-response relationship between the two indexes.
Objective: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) in patients with atrial fibrillation and end-stage renal disease undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Methods: Six patients with AF and end-stage renal disease(ESRD)on long term hemodialysis who underwent LAAO from March 2017 to March 2021 in Beijing Anzhen Hospital were enrolled. Baseline characteristics such as age, sex, types of arrhythmia, stroke and bleeding score, and continuous dialysis time were collected. Four patients underwent LAAO, two patients underwent the combined procedure of catheter ablation and LAAO. Perioperative treatment and serious complications were recorded. Transesophageal echocardiography was repeated at 45 days and 60 days after the procedure. Telephone follow-up was conducted at 3, 6 and 12 months after the procedure, and every 6 months thereafter. Thromboembolism and major bleeding events and survival were evaluated. Results: The average age was (66.7±17.0) years old, and 5 were male (5/6). There were 4 patients with paroxysmal AF (4/6), and 2 patients with persistent AF (2/6). The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was (4.8±1.5), and the HAS-BLED score was (3.5±1.4). The duration of hemodialysis was 2.6 (1.1, 8.3) years. Successfully Watchman implantation was achieved in all patients. There were no severe perioperative complications, and no device related thrombosis or leaks were observed by transesophageal echocardiography. During a mean of 22.0 (12.0, 32.0) months follow-up, there was no thromboembolism or major bleeding events. A total of 2 patients died, one from sudden cardiac death, and another one from heart failure. Conclusions: LAAO may be a safe and effective therapeutic option for prevention of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation and end-stage renal disease undergoing long-term hemodialysis, further studies with larger patient cohort are needed to confirm our results.
成人型左冠状动脉起源于肺动脉（ALCAPA）是一种罕见的先天性心脏病，发病隐匿，可表现为心脏性猝死，如不及时诊治，死亡率极高。该文报道1例表现为心脏骤停的ALCAPA患者，经心脑肺复苏后，未出现并发症，行冠状动脉起源异常矫治术，术后康复出院，随访至今无不良事件。
Objectives: To explore the impact of strength sport on heart structure by echocardiography (ECHO) and cardiac resonance imaging (CMR). Methods: This is a case control study. A total of 14 male weightlifter athletes who underwent physical examination in Peking University Third Hospital from January 16, 2019 to November 1, 2019 were included in this study. Fourteen age-matched healthy Chinese men served as the control group. ECHO and CMR were used to detect the heart structure and function of the participants. Results: The age of athlete group was (21±3) years, and the training time was (9±4) years. The weekly exercise time of athlete group was more than 15 hours, while that of control group was less than 3 hours. ECHO-derived interventricular septal (IVS) thickness value ((9.3±1.3) mm vs. (8.1±0.5) mm, P=0.006) and CMR-derived IVS value ((11.0±1.5) mm vs. (10.0±0.5) mm, P=0.003) was both significantly higher in the athlete group than in the control group. For the athlete group, the indicators of left ventricular volume measured by ECHO (left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular end diastolic volume index (LVEDVI), left ventricular end systolic volume, left ventricular end systolic volume index) and IVS thickness were significantly lower than those measured by CMR (all P<0.05). Left ventricular ejection fraction ((67.0±3.8)% vs. (59.0±3.9)%, P<0.001) and left ventricular global longitudinal strain ((19.3±2.9)% vs. (11.2±1.2)%, P<0.001) values measured by ECHO were significantly higher than those measured by CMR. There was no significant difference in the proportion of subjects with the left ventricular end diastolic diameter, LVEDV and LVEDVI above the upper limit of normal as measured by ECHOs and CMR (all P>0.05). IVS values measured by ECHO were all within the normal range, and CMR showed that 9 (9/14) weightlifter athletes had IVS>11 mm with a maximum thickness of 13.8 mm, which occurred in the inferoseptum. Conclusion: Weightlifter sport could result in thickening of the left ventricular inferoseptum, and CMR is superior to ECHO in detecting the thickening of the left ventricular wall, which serves as a helpful tool for sports medicine supervision.
动脉粥样硬化是一种慢性炎症性疾病，相关并发症是目前全球发病和死亡最常见的原因。动脉粥样硬化病灶中的脂质和炎性物质的沉积与流出为动态的过程。淋巴管作为胆固醇逆向转运、炎症因子及坏死物质排出和组织液引流的重要通道，近年来在动脉粥样硬化疾病进程中发挥的作用越来越受到人们的重视。本文主要就淋巴循环、淋巴管在动脉粥样硬化斑块形成、进展及消退中发挥的作用等研究进展进行综述。.
肺栓塞是影响肿瘤患者预后的主要原因之一，尤其是随之继发并持续进展的肺动脉高压。该文回顾了一例骨肉瘤患者肺动脉瘤栓的诊断、治疗过程，并对相关文献进行了总结。笔者认为对于非高危肺栓塞人群，应充分结合每位患者的实际情况，密切监测肺动脉压力等指标，采取更为精细化的诊断和治疗方案，以早期明确诊断、改善预后。.
Objective: To analyze the status of early use of oral β-blocker and its relationship with in-hospital outcomes in eligible patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: The study was based on the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China (CCC)-ACS project. The data of ACS patients that collected during 2014 to 2019 from 230 collaborating hospitals across China were analyzed. Propensity score matching method and Cox multivariate regression analysis were used to analyze the association between early use of oral β-blocker and in-hospital outcomes within 15 days. Results: A total of 38 663 eligible ACS patients were included in this study. The mean age was (57.0±9.0), and 78.8% of the ACS patients (30 470/38 663) were male. The proportion of early use of oral β-blockers was 64.9% (25 112/38 663), but varied substantially, in the 230 hospitals with a range from 0 to 100%. Compared with the patients no early use of oral β-blocker, the patients receiving early oral β-blocker had significantly lower incidence of major cardiovascular adverse events (MACEs) (3.4% (395/11 536) vs. 2.9%(339/11 536), P=0.036)and less occurrences of heart failure (2.7% (316/11 536) vs. 2.1% (248/11 536), P=0.004). Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed the patients receiving early oral β-blocker had 15.5%, 23.1%, and 35.3% lower risks of MACEs, heart failure and cardiogenic shock respectively than the patients no early oral β-blocker. Conclusions: Compared with the patients no early oral β-blocker, the patients receiving early oral β-blocker had lower risks of MACEs events, heart failure and cardiogenic shock. However, the early use of oral β-blocker in ACS patients was generally insufficient with huge differences among different hospitals in China.
Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of pro-urokinase and reteplase in the treatment of patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: STEMI patients, who received intravenous thrombolytic therapy in Henan STEMI registry between September 2016 and August 2018, were eligible for this study. A total of 5479 patients from 66 hospitals were screened and patients were divided into pro-urokinase group (n=638) and reteplase group (n=702) according to thrombolytic drugs. Data including patient demographics, risk factors, medical histories, patient information at admission, in-hospital treatment, time delays, and clinical events were collected. The clinical recanalization rate, in-hospital mortality, in-hospital death or treatment withdrawal, in-hospital main adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE, death or treatment withdrawal, congestive heart failure, reinfarction and ischemic stroke) and post-thrombolysis bleeding were compared between the two groups. Bleeding events were evaluated with Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria. Results: The median age [61.8 (53.2, 69.0) vs. 62.6 (52.1, 69.8), P=0.833] or the proportion of women [23.0% (147/638) vs. 25.1% (176/702), P=0.385] were similar between the pro-urokinase and reteplase groups. Clinical recanalization rates were similar between the pro-urokinase and reteplase groups [82.1% (524/638) vs. 84.9% (596/702), P=0.172], and there was no difference in the median time from onset to thrombolysis [194.5 (135.0,290.0) min vs. 190 (126.0,292.0) min, P=0.431] and the median recanalization time [95 (67.5,120.0) min vs. 95 (71.0,119.0) min, P=0.561] between the two groups. There was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality [5.5% (35/638) vs. 5.1% (36/702), P =0.770], in-hospital all-cause mortality, treatment withdrawal [8.9% (57/638) vs.7.7% (54/702), P=0.410], and in-hospital MACCE [13.0% (83/638) vs. 10.4% (73/702), P=0.137] between pro-urokinase and reteplase groups. However, the incidence of post-thrombolysis bleeding was significantly higher in reteplase group than in pro-urokinase group [7.8% (55/702) vs. 3.8% (24/638), P=0.002]. Further analysis found that the incidence of oral bleeding and the BARC grades 1-2 bleeding were significantly higher in reteplase group than in pro-urokinase group, whereas the incidence of cerebral hemorrhage was similar between the two groups [0.6% (4/638) vs. 0.4% (3/702), P=0.715]. The comparison of efficacy and safety outcomes between the two groups after adjusting for baseline characteristics using general linear mixed models was consistent with those before the adjustment. There was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality, in-hospital death or treatment withdrawal, in-hospital MACCE after adjusting for baseline characteristics and post-thrombolysis bleeding between the two groups. Conclusions: Pro-urokinase and reteplase have similar clinical efficacy in the treatment of STEMI. In terms of safety, the incidence of cerebral hemorrhage is similar, while the incidence of BARC grades 1-2 bleeding and oral bleeding is higher in reteplase group than in pro-urokinase group, which has no impact on in-hospital outcomes.
特发性重度肺动脉高压的外科手术干预手段较为有限。传统的手术方案为房间隔造口术，体肺动脉连接术——Potts分流手术，近年来开始应用于儿童重度肺动脉高压的治疗，但国内尚未见报道。该文报道一例3岁的特发性肺动脉高压患儿急诊接受Potts手术治疗的案例。.
动脉粥样硬化（AS）易损斑块破裂是心脑血管疾病患者发生急性心肌梗死、卒中、心原性猝死等不良心脑血管事件的共同病理学基础。易损斑块指具有破裂倾向、易于形成血栓以及可能迅速进展的斑块。血流中多种刺激因素可诱导内皮细胞发生内皮-间质转化（EndMT），从而加速AS斑块进程。EndMT参与AS的发生和转归，且与斑块易损性密切相关。本文围绕EndMT的概念及其在易损斑块中的作用机制展开讨论，以期为易损斑块的防治提供新的思路和理论依据。.
