The present paper aims to research the acoustic fields within and outside baiji’s(Lipotes vexillifer)head through finite element method.The harmonic point sound source with a frequency range of 50 kHz to 140 kHz was used to reveal the coincidence between frequency and far-field acoustic parameters,main beam angle and -3 dB width.Different from previous studies which neglected the shear wave of solid skull structures(mainly maxilla and cranium)and regarded them as fluid medium,the present work takes the shear waves of solid structures into consid-eration.Two sets of models,one of which allowed for the shear waves to engender in the solid skull structures and the other not,were compared to investigate what effects would be caused by the presence of shear waves.Three special frequencies,namely 70 kHz,90 kHz and 110 kHz,were specifically chosen to obtain their sound wave propagation processes within the head.The results suggested that in the models which considered the shear waves in the solid structures,its presence mainly affected the near-field acoustic fields and merely caused slight differences in main beam angle and -3 dB band width,compared to those of models which ignored the shear waves of skull structures.The reflection waves were found to change with frequency.Solid interfacial waves were observed inside the maxilla of the models considering the shear waves and its propagation patterns were also related to frequency. The solid displacements inside the maxilla indicated that the wave propagation patterns was changing with the thickness of the maxilla.Besides,in some special frequency,the sound wave scattered in the region among nasal passage,premaxillary sac and vestibular sac,resulting in weakening the sound energy propagating forward.The maxilla was thought here to play anther role as an interfacial wave guider besides its commonly accepted reflection role in beam formation.The study further indicates the biosonar emission system of baiji is complicated.
“嘉隆王插旗”说是越南声称拥有西沙群岛主权的主要论据。由于此说的特殊性质，它成为判定西沙群岛主权归属的焦点问题之一。一方面，对“嘉隆王插旗”说的考证和辨析在很大程度上等同于对相关的三个欧洲人生平和记载的可信度的考察；另一方面，在有关帕拉塞尔的地理知识的讨论中，需要借鉴晚近以来从科学史，特别是地理学史中发展出的引入社会和空间维度的思路。本文认为，所谓“嘉隆王插旗”说实为法国传教士塔尔伯特借鉴他所熟知的欧洲常规，通过夸张的想象，把从他人那里获知的阮朝“黄沙队”的活动虚构成了一场威严雄壮的占领行为。19世纪早期的越南不具备科学测绘的物质条件和技术准备，也不具备产生现代意义上的领土主权思想的意识基础。越南方面通过“嘉隆王插旗”说而主张对西沙群岛的主权是脱离历史的谬论。
As the capability to prevent and fight disasters with local resources,community resilience means a lot to improving a community's self-rescue and risk-management capability. Through a careful examination of the evaluation indicators,an analysis of this capability is to be done to obtain the coefficient of the resilience for a comparison of the different levels. Qualitatively,four major factors of population,economy,institution and physical structure are bound together to be an index system for resilience evaluation. The index system is designed for all types of natural disasters,and provides a theoretical frame of reference for the construction of community resilience. Nevertheless,we should make a concrete analysis of each specific case and adjust the index system by selecting indicators,changing weight assignments based on disaster situation in practical application.
The heterogeneity of top management team mainly refers to that in function, education and age. Studies on signaling theory and upper echelons theory have shown that the heterogeneity of top management team can affect the entrepreneurial firms. With an analysis of 78 firms listed on Chinese Growth Enterprise Market, we found that the higher the heterogeneity in function, the smaller the IPO underpricing, and the same is true to the heterogeneity in education. However, we did not find that the heterogeneity in age has a significant impact on the IPO underpricing of entrepreneurial firms.
Chiang Kai-shek launched the New Life Movement in Nanchang in February 1934 to revive traditional morality by reforming people's daily behavior. Under the influence of Wang Jingwei,Chiang deployed the method of moral suasion to urge the Chinese people to observe the New Life directives,but he still integrated the Movement into government routine and relied on coercive power of government agents,especially the police,to push forward the Movement. The politicians and commentators at that time viewed this movement as an effective way to bring forth high quality in citizens and to maintain social order in a disordered country without either traditional rule of virtues or rule of law. The New Life Movement reflected the endeavor the Nationalist government made to discipline people's daily behavior. The mechanism of discipline that the Nationalist government introduced did not follow the rule of law,nor demarcated a clear boundary between morality and legality for the modern state to intervene in people's daily life.This new domain of governance was an intermediate stage in China's modernization process,though it shared some similarities to the Western state apparatus of disciplining to producedocile bodiesin Foucaultian sense.
After the World War Ⅱ,Marxist feminism studies experienced a three-phase development: emerging,declining and reviving. And contemporary scholars restrict their interest only in its second stage——declining. In the period of 1960s and 1970s,Marxist feminism studies came into being with its criticism of national capitalism and welfare nations,intending to achieve equal rights in labor from the standpoint of a political economic critique on housework.With the neo-liberalism coming into vogue in 1980s,Marxist feminism had a holistic turn to cultural politics based on the politics of identity and its recognition. As a result,it was substituted by a radical kind of feminism with a focus on gender differences. Nevertheless,cultural politics never really replaced the critique of a political economic kind. In this era of capitalist globalization,when capital exploitation of surplus value shifts from what Hardt and Negri term it as formal subsumptionto what they refer to asreal subsumption,the bodies of women are to be removed from the biological category to that of political economics; the production of bodies is precisely the production and reproduction of the capitals,thus providing fresh probability of integrating feminism to Marxism. Therefore,with the political economic critique on body,Marxist feminism reemerges from inside neo-liberalism.
The earliest university journal,published more than 100 years ago,witnessed the vicissitudes of China’s institutions of higher education and performed as a carrier of China modern academic.On the one hand,it is deplorable that,due to such intrinsic defects as in the structure of journals,unreasonable scatteration of publishers and path dependence in practice,university journals in China are becoming increasingly marginalized and even cast aside today,as is ironically against the prosperous university education and flourishing academic researches.Path dependence may slow down but can never hold back institutional changes.On the other hand,it is happily exciting that a reform is on its way when there is both an induced institutional change initiated by the community of university-journal runners,and an imperative one required by the government.Consequently,a best path choice is demonstrating itself as being beneficial to the future of China university journals: the university-journal series in China sponsored by 17 prestigious university-journal runners affiliated to the Ministry of Education.
The European Union is the largest export market of BRICS countries,and European sovereignty debt crisis has thus become a big factor obstructing steady economic growth of BRICS countries.This crisis has not only created a rapid drop in the export trade volume in BRICS countries,threatening their domestic fiscal stability,and their politics to some extent,but also left the development model of BRICS countries more notable.To tackle the negative effects of the crisis,BRICS countries push their own domestic economic restructuring,strengthen the government's macro management functions,and reinforce bilateral cooperation based on existing multilateral framework.They support the EU through IMF,impel the reform of international economic mechanism,and enhance gradually the influence on global governance.
In China’s judicial practices,the criterion for judgment of trademark tort is sale confusion,but in real estate and automobile sales,confusions occur before the real sale,which may not lead to the sale confusions,due to the particular cautiousness on consumers’ side.Consequently,courts hardly see these as infringement on trademarks.In the last couple of years,there were cases,in which courts applied the general article of Anti-Unfair Competition Law to the judgment of these practices as unfair competitions.Therefore,it must be recognized as an unfair competition when there is a primary element of an unfair competition,i.e.the practice to fool consumers in a commercially and morally dishonest way.That is why consumers play an important role in the judgment of unfair competition.
Established with specific legislative background and purpose,article 55 of China’s Antimonopoly Law makes clear the basic principle and standpoint of the application of the Law in the area of Intellectual Property Rights(IPRs).Its role is,nevertheless,declaratory and illustrative,and the validity of an exercise of is not judged directly according to it.The abuse of IPRs should be understood by the general meaning rather than,consciously and subconsciously,by the specific meaning of case law of some countries.Abusing is not necessarily monopolistic behavior,but monopolistic behavior involving is certainly an abuse.When formulating the enforcement guidelines on antimonopoly law in the area of IPRs,what must be well-balanced is the relationship between drawing lessons from foreign experience and being based on the reality of China,and between principle and operation as well.
To strengthen their competitive muscles,the local governments now get themselves corporatized,thus providing,unfortunately,more bubbles to China's economy. This tendency results not only in more serious debt crises for them,but also in redundancy and irrelevance in institutional establishments. This paper argues that China should keep this unique competitive system,together with the reform concerning the fiscal power and administrative authority of the governments of all levels,so as to create powerful impetus for China's economic growth. With the present unique financing mechanisms however,the local governments may well bubble the economy into crisis,even if they may keep high both debt service ratio and debt-to-GDP ratio.To guard the bottom line against any financial crisis,the most important to do is to well manage local-government investment and financing channels,cutting off any undermining possibility leading to the crisis of a bubbling economy.
With administrative permission modification as a specific form of decision on administrative permission,the executive can only initiate a change process "upon application"but not"ex officio". Despite that the administrative permission assignment,the licensee renamed,and administrative revocation are very similar to the consequences of the administrative permission modification,they are different in the legal basis,thus having significant differences in the application rules. Such provisions as on the nature,content and procedures of administrative permission modification must be well defined in the Law for Administrative Permission,so as to standardize the practices concerned.
The examination of income transference in China may be done from such stages as that of the added value,of the initial distribution,of redistribution and of the overall distribution. In the second,transference to the government is very positive,meaning that governmental sectors still get possession of a large amount of left-out income,levied through the net taxes on production,after the public-goods production has been sufficiently financed. In the third,positive transference rate of the governmental departments is increasing,while that of the household sectors is declining. In the forth,positive transference rate of governmental departments tends to go up on the basis of initial distribution. In 1992- 1999,income tended to disperse,but to concentrate in 2000- 2008. This means that the nature of our economy as a government-driven type does not have any change,but continued to be enhanced instead. This type of economy,with its great achievements in economic growth,inevitably leads to a series of serious problems and goes against the change of the economic growth mode and of the government functions intended by the central government. Theoretically,a solution may include: first,restricting governments' power in income increase; and second,putting a damper on governmental investment.
The characteristics of machinery production industry determine that its technological innovation is to be better realized in a network pattern of labor-division system.In developed countries,the internationalization of machinery industry is guaranteed by a fully developed domestic network of labor division in the industry,so that domestic and international networks may be interactively integrated,to help get access to global market and resources.In such developing countries as China,the development of domestic labor-division system in this industry is in its difficulty,due to the unfortunate fact that,on the one hand,large-and medium-size enterprises take a dominating position in the network of labor division of the industry;and on the other hand,local governments’restructuring enthusiasm evaporates into over-development of the industry and dispersion of resources,leaving the industry a battle ground with severe competitions and a dim future.With the expansion of international megagiants in the form of international labor division,technology spillovers and their driving effects just go together with resource extrusion and market stealing,resulting in a dire situation,where home producers and international system of labor division turn to be tit-for-tat.As a way out,a reform should be carried out in the economic institution and government’s policy making so as to encourage a sound development and then internationalization of a domestic network of labor division.
Since the outbreak of European debt crisis,such inflicted countries as Greece,Ireland,Spain,Portugal and Italy have adopted austerity measures to strengthen fiscal discipline,reduce deficits and debts,and advance structural reforms.The euro-zone countries have introduced large-scale bailout policies,created and activated both the financial bailout mechanism and the so called European semester mechanism,run the new regulatory frameworks,and continued to provide bailout to Greece and the like.The European Central Bank has also taken a series of measures to improve market liquidity,reduce volatility in financial markets and launch long-term refinancing operations.Crisis bailout has currently taken on such characters as Germany and France dominance,lack of democracy,decision delay,serious consequences and palliatives.A solution to the crisis requires the euro-zone countries to continue to carry on fiscal consolidation in a growth-friendly way,promote the European integration,create an European monetary fund,and strengthen the reform of economic governance in the euro area in a more comprehensive manner.
The first wave of globalization in China may be essentially understood as "making full use of markets in other countries and of downscale production factors",and the dividend from this wave turns to be an overdraft.To involve itself in the second wave of globalization,China needs further globalize its economy through domestic demand.The core of the second wave of globalization can be summarized as "making best use of domestic markets and high-end agents of production(innovation in especial)".To be engaged in the second wave of globalization means to keep China and the world in a new balance,to prevent world economy from a further slip down and to keep China away from a surplus of production capacity.Moreover,it brings forth opportunities for China to take advantage of those high-end agents of production during the world economy crises so as to develop an innovative economy in China.
Evaluation criteria of environmental justice are three interdependent parts: justice in share,in system and in social recognition of environmental rights,the injustice of which in this country reveals itself mainly in share.To be more exact,there is inequality in their share and accountability of environmental rights between the advantaged and the disadvantaged groups.Injustice in system can be seen in the fact that environmental regulation is not observed,let alone reinforced.There is no legal institution for people to go to claim their environmental rights.Social recognition of injustice is often ignored,and that is why injustice may usually escape from people's attention.The curbing strategies of environmental injustice are to prevent likely damage to environment by any form of coalition between money and power,to adopt environment-friendly model of economic development,to guarantee environmental system of justice,and to educate people so as to improve their quality in environmental justice.That is a comprehensive program for environmental improvement in the way to "cooperate efforts in controlling pollution".
Due to such characteristics existing in services as heterogeneity,transience and inseparability between product and its consumption,service sectors have shown remarkable differences from manufacturing industry in the motivation of and approaches to global expansion.The study on the globalization of service sectors finds while entrepreneurial orientation and social capital,as internal and external motivation respectively,facilitate the globalization of the service sectors,the organizational flexibility,human capital and service-product characteristics affect the relationship involved.
Numerous are the Qing Dynasty prose discourses,so are the discussions of the categorization of prose styles.Both deduction and induction are found in the Qing prose discourses,and yet they are integrated into one: it may have a thorough classification on the one hand,and analyze the styles in a meticulous way on the other hand.The integration embodies a great creation in this period.The shift of prose-style categorization from the traditional to the modern can be seen in the fact that emotional function is much stressed in prose writing,and such popular literature as novels and operas are also within the perspective of style categorization.
