Background: Erythrina variegata plant has properties to cure various diseases including effective as antidiabetic, cardiac depressant, anticovulsant, antimalarial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory. Erythrina Variegata contains alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids and lectins. As well as containing the compounds of the isoflavone derivative Genistein which can prevent osteoporosis. The new isoflavonoid compounds, namely Eryvarins V, W and X from the extract of E. variegata root as a potential antibacterial. Ethanol extract of leaves and E. variegata water fraction with a concentration of 10% can significantly nourish hair. This article covers phytochemical aspects and pharmacological characteristics of the E. variegate plant as an attempt to further research. Conclusions: From the results of the research pharmacologically, compounds that are effective as anti-alopecia have not been found so it is necessary to identify compounds in Erythrina variegata which are effective as anti-alopecia. Keyword: Erythrina Variegata , Antialopecia, Fabaceae
Back ground Acute coronary syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition that affects millions of individuals each year. The introduction of biomarkers has brought improvement for both diagnostic and management of cardiac patients.Timely diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome in the emergency department remains challenging ,because of its delayed increase in plasma in the early phase of myocardial infarction , there is proof that copeptin is possibly useful as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in various cardiovascular diseases.Objective This study carried out to evaluate serum copeptin levels in patients with acute coronary syndrome and healthy persons and study the correlation of these levels as indicator for patients with risk factors. Patients & Methods: A total (58) referred male patients with acute coronary syndrome were included in this study with age range (23-75year) and also included (30) healthy persons served as control with age range (27-70year). Random blood sugar ,lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, High density lipoprotein cholesterol and low- density lipoprotein cholesterol), troponin I, creatine kinase-MB and copeptin were measured for acute coronary syndrome patients and control . Results Serum copeptin and lipid profile were significant increased in acute coronary syndrome in comparison with control group, while the level of high density lipoprotein decreased in sick patients in comparison with control group. Negatively significant correlation was found between Ejection Fraction and serum copeptin in acute coronary syndrome patients. Positively significant correlation was found between copeptin, troponin , creatine kinase -MB. Key words: Acute coronary syndrome, male patients, copeptin, lipid profile, troponin.
In regulatory scope of biopharmaceutical industries, annual product quality review (APQR) is a structured and exhaustive summary of a licensed human pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical product, which provide insights about the consistency and robustness of the process. APQR / PQR facilitates to highlight the trends of process parameters of product/s or for process improvements for all commercial products. APQR is essential for good manufacturing practices and also important for improvement to fill gaps in manufacturing system for compliance. It is a comprehensive document prepared annually for each licensed medicinal product based on the data generated for the financial year for respective product/s with a window time of four months. The main philosophy behind the need of APQR is risk reduction, productivity, compliance & verification of validation status. This article provides ideal regulatory requirements for APQR preparation, with focus on data analysis requirements to analyse the batch data to draw meaningful insights on the process for improvement. As of now, this is the first review on annual product quality review as per regulatory requirements in view of current good manufacturing practices.
Bean seeds are important staple foods in Nigeria due to their nutritive values and relatively low cost. African Yam beans (AYB) ( Sphenostylis stenocarpa ) also known as 'Otili' is an underutilized beans that is very affordable in Nigeria. This work seeks to assay for the effect of processing on the mineral content, antinutrient content and the free radical scavenging ability of AYB. The AYB sample were divided into three portions. A portion of the whole beans was dried and blended into flour and tagged as DAYBF, another portion was boiled, dried and milled into flour and represented as BAYBF while the third portion was peeled, dried and milled to flour tagged as PAYBF. Thereafter, the total phenol, total flavonoid and tannin content were determined. Also, the Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , SO 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ ,As 2+ , Ni + and Pb 2+ were determined by Flame Photometer. Thereafter, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing property (FRAP) were also assayed to determine the scavenging ability of the bean samples. There was no significant (p<0.05) difference in the mineral elements contents of all the beans extracts. While, As 2+ and Pb 2+ were present in a very insignificant aquantity in all the beans. The beans extracts also contained appreciable levels of total phenol, total flavonoid and tannin contents, with DAYBF having the highest values and PAYBF showing the lowest amount of total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents. The radicals scavenging ability of the beans extracts was higher in the DAYBF (DPPH, 35.01%; FRAP, 13.31%) and PAYBF (DPPH, 34.27%; FRAP, 14.72%) extracts than the BAYBF (DPPH, 20.26%; FRAP, 4.62%) extract. All these results obtained indicate that African yam beans if processed adequately before consumption will contribute greatly to the nutritional requirement for human health. Keywords: tannins, african yam beans, phenol, underutilized, mineral elements
Alois Alzheimer, a German psychiatrist and pathologist characterized Alzheimer's disease in 1907; chronic neurodegenerative disorder that progresses gradually affecting cognition and behavior earliest symptom is short term memory loss. With the progression of the disease, symptoms include mood swings, disorientation, problem with language, loss of motivation, behavioral issues. Gradually losing the body functions which ultimately lead to death. In the year 2015, 1.9 million Deaths resulted due to dementia. The most common cause of Alzheimer’s disease is the combination of genetic, environmental factors and lifestyle that affects the brain over time. 5% of the Alzheimer’s disease is caused by specific genetic changes which will develop the disease. Alzheimer's disease is caused by brain cell death. In Alzheimer’s disease the total brain size reduces and the nerve cells, connections progressively decrease in the tissue. The brain affected with Alzheimer’s disease cannot be seen or tested in living conditions but, the small inclusions in the nerve tissue called plaques and tangles are shown in postmortem/autopsy. With the progress of Alzheimer’s disease to its last stages changes in the brain starts to affect physical functions such as swallowing bowel and bladder control and balance.
Introduction : The mosquito Culex pipiens L is a common and abundant species in the world. This species serve as bridge vectors of the West Nile virus from birds to humans. Objective: Under the laboratory conditions, toxicological evaluation of two compounds Azadirachtin and Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis ( B.t.i ) against eggs of mosquito Cx. pipiens and biological effect of these compounds on larvae, pupae and adult emergence Methods : The ovicidal activity was determined after 24 h of exposure to concentrations of Azadirachtin and B.t.i . Results: indicated high reduction in percentage of egg hatch resulted from treated eggs by azadirachtin, estimated by 31.41% at 1mg /L and 91.51% at 0.125 mg /L, the obtained results show a high mortality with the increase in the concentration, and prolongation in larval and pupal developments resulted from treated eggs by azadirachtin, estimated by 4.55 days at 0.125mg/L and 7.66 days at 1 mg/L in first instar , larval and pupal duration increased with the increase in the concentration of azadirachtin. The results indicated high augmentation in the percentages of the malformations with the decrease in the concentration of azadirachtin. In contrast, in adult stage, the results indicated high reduction in total eggs laid, percentage of hatchability and longevity. No effect was observed after treated eggs by B.t.i. Conclusion: From the results, it can be concluded the Azadirachtin are excellent potential for controlling the mosquito Culex pipiens .
Introduction: Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is accounted for 25% of ischemic stroke pathology. Cilostazol is a therapeutic option for secondary ischemic stroke prevention, especially in subgroups with high risks for hemorrhagic events. The available evidences are limited for optimal management of stroke in cerebral SVD.Objective: This systematic review aimed to identify the effectiveness of cilostazole for stroke in SVDMethod: This systematic research was done by two authors using mainly PubMed and Cochrane as a database. The terms used to search the literatures were “Cilostazolâ€, “Small Vessel Infarctionâ€, “Lacunar Infarctionâ€, “Ischemic Strokeâ€, and “Clinical Trialâ€. We measure the quality of the clinical trials using Jadad Score. If the trial manage to meet the 3 important features then the jadad score of the trial will be 3.Results: The journal form PubMed and Cohrane was up to 3848 journals that were screened. The reviewers then begins to screening on the journals, exclude all of the irrelevant, and duplication study and make sure the inclusion and exclusion criteria were fulfilled. The result was 3 RCT studies. All studies has a good Jadad score. All of the comparison used in the studies is aspirin except for the study of Han, et al. (2014), that compare cilostazol with placebo. All of the subject that were used is above the age of 30 y.o. and the length of treatment is above 3 months. Each of the outcome in all of the RCT studies is different, but their aims is to measure the effectiveness or the efficacy of cilostazol. Huang, et al (2008) have the most subject (720 subjects) and Lee, et al (2017), have the least subject (80 subjects).Conclusion:Key words: cilostazol, stroke, small vessel disease
Lateral Medullary Syndrome (LMS) or Wallenberg Syndrome or Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) Syndrome is a rare prevailing cause of stroke. Varied presentations of LMS such as distortion of speech, orientation and vision is cause for under diagnose of the disease. In our case, we present a 50 year old hypertensive man presenting with loss of consciousness and difficulty in walking. On neurological evaluation he had swaying episodes towards left, blurring of vision with nystagmus, regurgitation of feeds and dysphagia. With this clinical and radiological examination he was diagnosed as a case of Lateral Medullary Syndrome. The patient’s condition improved with symptomatic treatment and was nearly asymptomatic at the time of discharge.
Background: Advent of r-DNA techniques and their application to biology and healthcare system is one of the most exciting eras of scientific history. Objectives: In this review, we discuss about pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, advances, applications, challenges and future perspectives of r-DNA technology. Variability in drug responses is the net result of multiple interacting genes and environmental factors. Conclusion: We found that many technical and conceptual barriers still remain unveil to the world, if the true potential of this field recognize, the genetic disorders will completely disappear and will get a solution for most questionable microbial resistance. It is anticipated that less than 10% of drugs in 10 years from now will be prescribed following a pharmacogenetic test. In future, we need more intensive studies in the areas of pharmacogenomics to identify the targeted gene which is responsible for specific diseases or variable drug response, so the r-DNA technology can easily develop a new drug molecule which can change the gene expression or may modify the targeted gene. Field of pharmacogenomics will lead to new important insights and discoveries that will ultimately lead to the development of new and better drugs and to the rational use of drugs that are already on the market.Key words:Â r-DNA, pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics, genetic disorders, gene expression.
Objective: The purpose of present research work is to develop the sustained release formulation for Telmisartan using 3 2 factorial design. Telmisartan an Antihypertensive agent, nonpeptide angiotensin-II receptor (type AT1) antagonist and BCS class-II agent. Methods: Sustained Release tablet formulations of Telmisartan were prepared using different quantities of HPMCK100M and Xanthan Gum in combinations by direct compression technique. The concentration of Polymers, HPMCK100M and Xanthan gum required to achieve the drug release was selected as independent variables, X 1 and X 2 respectively whereas, time required for 10% of drug release (t 10% ), 50% (t 50% ), 75% (t 75% ) and 90% (t 90% ) were selected as dependent variables. Nine formulations were prepared and are evaluated for various pharmacopoeial tests. Results: The results reveals that all formulations were found to be with in the pharmacopoeial limits and In vitro drug release profiles of all formulations were fitted in to various Kinetic models. The statistical parameters like intercept, slope & correlation coefficient were calculated. Polynomial equations were developed for dependent variables.Validity of developed polynomial equations were checkedby designing 2 check point formulations (C 1 , C 2 ). Conclusion: According to SUPAC guidelines formulation (F 5 ) containing combination of 15% HPMCK100M and 15% Xanthan gum, is the most identical formulation (similarity factor f 2 = 90.863, dissimilarity factor f 1 = 1.665 & No significant difference, t= 0.03379) to marketed product ( TELVAS ). Best Formulation F 5 follows First order, Higuchi’s kinetics, and the mechanism of drug release was found to be Non-Fickian Diffusion Anomalous Transport. (n= 0.828). Keywords : Telmisartan, 3 2 Factorial Design, Sustained Release, HPMCK100M , Xanthan gum, First order kinetics.
Soxhlet extraction is also known as the hot continuous extraction process the main advantage of this method is complete extraction in minimum amount of solvent. Aim andObjectives : In this review aimed to that the focused on various pre extraction process of plant materials for soxhlet extraction and the working principles, advantages of soxhlet apparatus. The objective of this review is collection of diverse literature and documented the soxhlet extractor used by researchers. Conclusion : In this review concluded that the solvent selection, drying of the plant, size reduction, size separation of the plant materials is important for the extraction process and this review is useful to the proper using of soxhlet apparatus in phytochemical research. Key words: Methanol, Particle size, defatting, Pre-extraction, Hot continuous extraction
Harpic poisoning is a life-threatening condition were it requires proper assessment for long term manifestations.Objective: The main Objective of the study ia to explain acute and chronic manifestations in harpic poisoning patients.Method: We were performed a pilot study with a sample size of two.Results: Here two patients ingested harpic as suicidal ingestion and are presented with grade 0 and grade 3b which is differentiated according to the Zargar’s classification based on the clinical presentation and laboratory details.Conclusion: Though the symptoms were subsided, some complications are seen during the period which has to be treated with utmost care and follow-up is required to improve the patient quality of life.Keywords: Zargar’s classification, harpic poisoning, perforations
Objective : This study investigated the effect of Moringa oleifera seed oil on High fat-diet induced hyperlipidemia in liver and heart of albino rats for a period of 10 days. Methods : Twenty-four albino male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups of six animals each. Group 1 were fed with normal diet, Group 2 were fed with high fat-diet while Group 3 were fed with high fat-diet + Moringa oleifera seed oil extract (2ml/kg bodyweight) and Group 4 were fed with high fat diet for 7days + Moringa oleifera seed oil extract (2ml/kg bodyweight) later days. Results : The result shows significant (p < 0.05) increase in Triglycerides level in liver and heart (139.2± 25.80 and 209.7± 7.65 mmol/l) of rat fed with High fat–diet relative to control (73.93± 6.63 and 58.85 ± 4.86 mmol/l). Treatment with Moringa seed oil shows a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the heart Triglyceride levels and Total cholesterol levels (92.14±15.97 and 183.4±4.27 mmol/l) relative to high fat-diet rat (209.7±17.65 and 197.8±1.78 mmol/l). Rats fed with high fat-diet for 7 days before treatment with Moringa seed oil shows a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in liver and heart Triglyceride (75.55±5.94 and 104.9±9.95 mmol/l) when compared to High fat-diet rats (139.2±25.80 and 209.7±17.65 mmol/l). Histopathological changes induced by high fat-diet in liver of rats were also significantly ameliorated by the Moringa oleifera seed oil. Conclusion : This finding suggests that Moringa oleifera seed oil possess a hypolipidemic effect on high fat-diet induced hyperlipidemia in the liver and heart of albino rat. Key words: Moringa oleifera , hyperlipidemia, diet, cholesterol, triglyceride, liver and heart.
Field and Target: Comprehensive nursing care has always been one of the main arguments of nursing profession. One simple definition of Holism is that whole of one thing is more than the sum of its components. The aim of this study was that clarification of the concept of comprehensive nursing care to reaching a common understanding and having a clinical guideline and prevention of ambiguity in the application of this concept.Methods: Rodgers evolutionary approach was used in this study. Books and articles of 1970-2016 were searched on the concept of nursing care in health sciences, especially nursing from scientific databases. After applying the selection criteria and final sampling, 9 books and 69 articles were selected and were analyzed deeply.Results: The results showed that features of the concept of comprehensive nursing care include whole of human dimensions (physical - spiritual - psychological) and harmony. The antecedents of the concept include: spirituality, religion, being supernatural, belief in God, attention to God, hope, necessity of life, purpose, need, relation of imbalance or lack of harmony, backed up, be accountable and manage the environment and positive consequences include: the creation of patient-centered care, the creation of cultural care, well being feeling of spiritual, harmony, healing, satisfaction, development of interpersonal relationships and a sense of nurse job satisfaction and negative consequences include: excessive attention to the spiritual and psychological aspect, draining of energy and emotion of nurse and spent of too much time.Conclusion: The concept of comprehensive nursing care is in changeable format over time and in different tissues, for this reason different definitions of comprehensive nursing care is provided in nursing science and health care. Therefore, awareness of attributes, antecedents and consequences of the concept of comprehensive nursing care leads to promote the position of nurses, clinical guide of clinical nursing and changing their attitude. Keywords: comprehensive nursing care, concept analysis, Rodgers evolutionary approach
Solid state fermentation was carried out for the production of l-arginasefrom Idiomarina sediminium using different agro residues including wheat bran, tea dust, rice bran, ragi, maize bran, black gram, bread, red gram as solid substrates. L-Arginase has received significant attention in recent years owing to its potential applications in medicine as an anticancer agent, as an efficient diagnostic agent and as a biosensor. The maximum yield (66.08 IU/ml) of l-arginase by Idiomarina sediminium was obtained using tea dust as a solid substrate, initial pH 9.0, supplemented with maltose (1.0%), casein (1.0%), inoculated with 10% of inoculum and incubated at 37°C for 120 h. Both physico-chemical and nutritional parameters played a significant role in the production of the enzyme l-arginase. Keywords : L-Arginase, Idiomarina sediminum ; H1695; JF346667 , tea dust, Solid state fermentation.
Background and Aim: Euthanasia is an important issue in human ethic that medical students may be confronted with this in their clinical courses. Study about attitude of medical students about euthanasia in Iran is very limited. In present study, we examined attitude of Iranian medical student about euthanasia. Methods: Study performed in Qazvin, Iran after obtaining ethic code from medical ethic committee of Qazvin University of medical science. For this study, all medical students who were studying in Qazvin University of medical science in time of study performing invited. Data were collected with using a self-designed demographics characteristics check list and Euthanasia Attitude Scale. Data analysis performed by using SPSS software. P value under 0.05 considered significant in data analysis. Results: Totally 141 students completed questionnaires. Female students in our study were majority (69.5%). Mean age of students in present study were 20.8±1.76 years. The student’s total score on the Euthanasia Attitude Scale were 59.1±6.1. The student’s mean score on the ethical consideration, practical consideration, treasuring life and naturalistic beliefs categories were 31.4±4.4, 7.7±1.9, 13.8±1.9 and 5.9±1.3 respectively. We note found and significant relationship and correlation between total score on the Euthanasia Attitude Scale and participants demographics characteristics. Conclusion: Majority of participant in our study have neutral attitude towards euthanasia. It seems that we need to further study in this regards.Key words: Ethical issue, end of life, euthanasia, students, health, Iran  Â
A series of amino acids including Glycine, Tryptophan, Arginine, Cysteine was reacted with alcohols like methanol, propanol, phenol, n-butanol was transformed to corresponding amino acid methyl ester hydrochlorides.Molegro Virtual Docker (MVD) was used; the 10 analogues were docked in the Acarbose bound active site of 3M07 using Acarbose and further compared between in silico and in vitro studies. In this study the results showed that T1,T2 proved to have better H-bonding in α - Amylase (3M07) which can be seen from Moldock score -108.711,-107.401 than Acarbose Moldock score was -93.1984 and it means that the energy was lower with more stable binding. Moldock Score of T1, T2, A1, A2, A3, C2, C1, G1, G3, and G2 were -108.711,-107.401,-92.685,-88.9983,-84.0515,-82.9936,-75.9834,-74.8734,-72.793 and -60.4139 respectively. The hydrogen bonds of T1, T2 and Acarbose with amino acid of α - Amylase (3M07) were His, Tyr, Thr and Asp. All the compounds were studied for the in-vitro anti-diabetic activity by the alpha amylase inhibition method. The compounds showed mild to moderate anti-diabetic activity. T1, T2 were found to be most active among the series of compounds in comparison with Acarbose. Therefore this class of compound could be a good starting point to develop new lead compounds in the treatment of anti-diabetic activity. Keywords : Molecular docking, diabetes, lead compound, analogous design.
