Objective: Voluntary blood donation (VBD) is essential for a safe and sustainable blood supply. In India, blood is classified as a drug under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, making its quality and safety a critical public health and regulatory responsibility. Evidence on blood donation knowledge, attitudes, and practices in rural populations is limited, underscoring the need to address this gap. Methods: A mixed-method study was conducted over a period of one year at a rural tertiary care hospital. Quantitative data were collected from 150 patient attenders through random sampling using pretested validated questionnaire. Two in-depth focus group discussions were conducted as qualitative interviews to generate themes to explore underlying motivations, fears, and barriers. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were used to interpret findings of recorded data. Results: Awareness of voluntary blood donation was high (88.7%); however, knowledge of donor eligibility criteria was limited. Although majority considered blood donation a moral duty (92.7%), only 26% had ever donated. Key barriers included misconception of having insufficient blood, fear of needles, and poor access to blood banks (85.3%). Qualitative findings revealed the influence of family approval and persistent misconceptions. Willingness to donate if incentives were offered was also noted, highlighting need for community-based awareness programmes. Conclusion: A significant attitude–practice gap exists in rural communities pertaining to voluntary blood donation. Presence of awareness and positive perceptions do not consistently translate into donation behavior. A comprehensive, community-centered approach combining education, accessibility, reassurance, and positive donor engagement is therefore essential to improve and sustain voluntary blood donation practices in rural settings.
Abernethy malformation or congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt is a rare genetic disorder characterised by bypass of portal venous blood into the systemic circulation. This rare vascular anomaly is classified into two types based on the pattern of vascular shunting if left untreated, it can lead to severe complications. We report the case of 17-year-old male patient admitted in CCU with complaints of shortness of breath and chest pain for 1 week with history of chest fullness and breathlessness. On evaluation, Lab parameters revealed pancytopenia and altered liver profile. CECT of abdomen showed multiple collaterals venous channels with large splenorenal shunt consistent with portal hypertension these findings confirmed a diagnosis of type 1b Abernethy malformation. Patient was managed conservatively with symptomatic medical treatment, no surgical or interventional radiological procedure was performed, after few days patient cardiac parameters were stable with no significant improvement in overall disease condition, discharged with follow up for further management.
Diabetes mellitus is rising across West Africa, where barriers to sustained access to conventional care and strong cultural acceptability of traditional medicine drive widespread use of plant-based remedies. Ethnobotanical evidence is dispersed across countries and often reported with variable botanical verification and quantitative prioritization, limiting cross-country comparison and selection of candidate species for validation and safety monitoring. Objective of the study was to systematically synthesise ethnobotanical or ethnopharmacological studies reporting medicinal plants used to manage diabetes mellitus or hyperglycaemia in eight West African countries, and summarise commonly cited species, plant parts, preparation methods, and routes of administration. This review was conducted and reported in line with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidance. Searches of PubMed and Google Scholar were complemented by targeted journal or publisher website searches and backward reference screening (last search: 18 December 2025). Primary ethnobotanical or ethnopharmacological studies from eight West African countries reporting ≥1 plant used for diabetes or hyperglycaemia were eligible (English or French). Records were screened in two stages (title or abstract, then full text). Extracted data included country or setting, respondent type, sample size (if reported), antidiabetic species, plant parts, preparation or administration patterns, and priority species (e. g., highest relative frequency of citation where reported). The search yielded 512 records; after de-duplication (92 removed), 420 records were screened and 12 studies met inclusion criteria (8 countries: Nigeria, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone). Across studies, a total of 8 recurrently reported antidiabetic medicinal plant species were identified. Leaves were the most commonly reported plant part and decoction was the predominant preparation method, with oral administration most frequently described. Recurrently reported candidate species across multiple settings included Azadirachta indica, Momordica charantia, Moringa oleifera, Phyllanthus amarus, Khaya senegalensis, Garcinia kola, Citrus aurantifolia, and Tetrapleura tetraptera. Among these, Moringa oleifera was reported in 8 of the 12 studies and Azadirachta indica in 7 of 12 studies, indicating their frequent citation across countries. Where quantitative prioritization was reported, Citrus aurantifolia was highlighted as the highest-ranked species in Benin (RFC = 0.21). In conclusion, the diabetes ethnomedicine of eight West African countries is characterised by reliance on leaf-based aqueous preparations, mainly decoctions or infusions, administered orally, and a recurring shortlist of priority species. Future studies should strengthen reporting (voucher specimens, quantitative indices, dosing details) and link priority plants to toxicovigilance or pharmacovigilance and staged experimental or clinical validation.
Adipocytes are responsible for synthesizing predominantly leptin, a hormone that regulates appetite, energy expenditure, and glucose metabolism. The discovery of leptin in 1994 revolutionized the understanding of systemic energy homeostasis is providing an understanding of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as two connected global health issues. In physiological environments, leptin functions as a satiety signal and metabolic regulator. In obesity and T2DM, however, hyperleptinemia occurs (i. e., elevated levels of leptin) with leptin resistance (i. e., diminished leptin signaling) in which central leptin signaling is impaired regardless of elevated leptin levels. Leptin resistance or malfunction occurring in persons may lose its effects of appetite suppression and metabolic regulation to increase weight gain, insulin resistance, and disruption of glucose homeostasis. The review deals with the molecular structure of leptin, functions, and its mechanism in the pathogenesis of obesity and type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It further covers the key pathways such as hypothalamic regulation, hepatic glucose production, muscle metabolism, and function in pancreatic β cells. Moreover, clinical observations are reviewed to highlight the therapeutic potential of leptin-targeted therapies, including leptin sensitizers and combination therapeutics. Although effective in treating rare leptin-deficient disorders, leptin replacement therapy has limited usefulness in treatment of common obesity and type II diabetes mellitus because of widespread resistance. To unlock the potential of leptin therapy, future research needs to be steered toward restoring leptin-sensitivity, leveraging interactions with the microbiome, and the application of precision medicine approaches.
Premixed insulin regimens, though convenient, often fall short in managing glycemic variability, hypoglycemia, and dosing rigidity in patients with insulin-resistant type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Insulin glargine, a long-acting basal insulin analog, offers a more stable pharmacokinetic profile, reduced hypoglycemia risk, and flexibility suited to patient lifestyles. This narrative review provides a clinical framework for switching from premixed insulin to insulin glargine in resistant cases. Methods include selection and extraction of data from relevant studies to develop an evidence-based clinical framework for switching from premixed insulin to glargine in insulin resistant diabetes. This review outlines the underlying pathophysiology of insulin resistance, key treatment challenges, and practical steps including patient selection, dose conversion, titration, addition of prandial insulin or oral agents and Special situation. This review aims to equip clinicians with practical, evidence-based guidance to navigate insulin transition in challenging T2DM populations. A structured, stepwise flowchart is provided to assist clinicians in implementing this transition safely and effectively in real-world settings.
Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES), a subcategory of New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus (NORSE), is a catastrophic epileptic encephalopathy that is rarely described in adults. This report describes a fatal case of a 25-year-old woman who developed explosive-onset generalized seizures following a mild febrile prodrome. She rapidly progressed to refractory status epilepticus and met criteria for adult-onset FIRES after exclusion of infectious, structural, toxic, and antibody-mediated autoimmune etiologies. Despite aggressive escalation to super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) management with quadruple continuous intravenous anesthetics (propofol, midazolam, ketamine, thiopentone) and multiple antiseizure medications, seizure control remained unstable. The clinical course was critically destabilized by a preventable pharmacokinetic interaction: the initiation of meropenem for multidrug-resistant sepsis in a patient receiving valproic acid resulted in a rapid decline in serum valproate exposure and breakthrough seizures. Advanced immunomodulatory strategies including plasmapheresis, rituximab, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor blockade with tocilizumab were instituted. Tocilizumab achieved transient seizure cessation (48 hours) and permitted partial anesthetic weaning but was followed by profound neutropenia and worsening septic shock. The patient ultimately succumbed to multidrug-resistant sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) on day 39. This case highlights the high mortality of adult FIRES, the absolute contraindication of concurrent carbapenem–valproate therapy, and the potential value of earlier cytokine-targeted immunotherapy.
Objective: This study aimed to correlate intratesticular testosterone levels with histopathological changes in testes of male rats exposed to fluoride-induced infertility, alongside evaluations of 3β-and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) activities. Methods: Male wistar albino rats (n=24, 100–150 g) were divided into four groups (n=6 each): control (fluoride-free deionized water) and NaF-treated (100, 200, 300 ppm) for 40 d, as per CPCSEA guidelines with institutional ethical clearance. Endpoints included body/testis weights, germ cell viability (MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay), steroidogenic enzymes (3β-HSD, 17β-HSD via spectrophotometry), and intratesticular testosterone (ELISA). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test (SAS 9.4/SPSS 17) with p<0.05). Results: NaF induced dose-dependent reductions in body weight (75% at 300 ppm, p<0.0001), testis weight (62.63%, p<0.0001), germ cell viability, testosterone, and HSD activities. Strong correlations emerged: germ cell viability with testosterone (r=0.865), 3β-HSD (r=0.936), and 17β-HSD (r=0.852). Histopathology showed vacuolated seminiferous tubules, Leydig cell atrophy, and disrupted spermatogenesis. Conclusion: Sodium fluoride disrupts testicular steroidogenesis through HSD enzyme inhibition, lowering intratesticular testosterone and inducing germ cell apoptosis. These findings highlight fluoride as an environmental reproductive toxicant, support the development of antioxidant therapeutics for fluoride-endemic regions, and advance pharmaceutical toxicology.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) serves as a critical life-support modality for patients with severe cardiac or respiratory failure, yet the large surface area of the circuit introduces significant variability in the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of essential medications. This systematic review evaluates clinical evidence from 2015 to 2025 regarding drug dosing alterations in adult ECMO patients, focusing on anticoagulants, antibacterials, antifungals, and antivirals. Our analysis identifies drug sequestration as a primary determinant of therapeutic failure, particularly for highly lipophilic agents like voriconazole and fentanyl, which exhibit circuit losses exceeding 70% within hours of administration. Conversely, hydrophilic antibiotics such as beta-lactams and glycopeptides are primarily impacted by an increased volume of distribution (Vd) and augmented renal clearance, often necessitating loading dose increases of 20–50% or the use of extended infusions to maintain therapeutic levels. Regarding anticoagulation, evidence supports the superiority of anti-Xa (target 0.3–0.7 IU/mL) and viscoelastic assays over activated clotting time (ACT) for minimizing hemorrhagic risks. Current dosing guidelines remain fragmented; thus, clinicians must adopt individualized strategies involving aggressive therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and multimodal anticoagulation assessment to ensure efficacy and safety in this high-risk population.
Objective: To develop a novel stability-indicating validated method for the simultaneous determination of dorzolamide hydrochloride (DH) and timolol maleate (TM) in API and pharmaceuticals. Methods: Reverse-phase chromatographic separation was achieved using a Spursil C18 column with a mixture of methanol and potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (7:3v/v) as the mobile phase at pH 3.5. The flow rate was maintained at1.0 ml/min. DH and TM were detected at 290 nm. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and forced degradation studies. Results: The developed method achieved effective separation, with DH and TM eluting at retention times of 2.189 and 3.136 min for standards, and 2.299 min and 3.091 min for samples, respectively. The method showed excellent linearity across 20–100 µg/ml for DH (r² = 0.999) and 5–25 µg/ml for TM (r2 = 0.9993). The mean recovery percentages were 99.99% for DH and 98.79% for TM, with a percentage relative standard deviation (%RSD) below 2.0, confirming the accuracy and precision of the method. Low LOD and LOQ values indicated high sensitivity, while forced degradation studies confirmed the method's stability, indicating capability. Conclusion: The validated procedure is reliable, accurate, sensitive, and precise for the simultaneous qualitative analysis and stability assessment of DH and TM in both bulk drugs and commercial pharmaceutical formulations. This method is suitable for routine standard quality control applications.
Considering buccal films can offer targeted, long-lasting, and patient-friendly therapy, they have become a viable drug delivery platform for the treatment of oral fungal infections, especially oral candidiasis. Oral pills, lozenges, and topical gels are examples of conventional anti-fungal dosage forms that frequently have drawbacks, such as low patient compliance, quick salivary clearance, frequent dosing, and systemic side effects. By sticking to the buccal mucosa, buccal films get around these problems and allow for longer residence times, regulated medication release, and improved bioavailability at the infection site. With an emphasis on formulation techniques, assessment criteria, and therapeutic prospects, this study offers an in-depth examination of buccal films for anti-fungal medication administration. The use of mucoadhesive polymers such sodium alginate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, chitosan, and polyvinyl alcohol, as well as the function of plasticizers, permeation enhancers, and anti-fungal agents like azoles and polyenes, are all covered. Additionally covered are developments in film manufacturing processes, such as solvent casting and hot-melt extrusion. A comprehensive assessment is conducted of important evaluation criteria, including film thickness, folding endurance, surface pH, drug content homogeneity, mucoadhesive strength, swelling behavior, in vitro drug release, and ex vivo penetration investigations. Additionally, the clinical significance of anti-fungal buccal films is investigated, with a focus on increased patient compliance, decreased dose frequency, and better therapeutic effectiveness. The study highlights the potential of buccal films as an efficient and cutting-edge delivery technology for anti-fungal medication by addressing present issues, regulatory concerns, and future prospects.
Objective: To evaluate adverse events associated with endotracheal tube use in pediatric patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods: This prospective observational study conducted over a three-month period was conducted in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Pediatric patients requiring endotracheal intubation were enrolled according to predefined selection criteria. Each patient was monitored for up to 72 h (24, 48, and 72 h) following intubation. Information regarding medical device–associated adverse events (MDAEs) was systematically recorded. Causality assessment of reported events was performed using the World Health Organization–Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) causality assessment scale. Results: A total of 68 patients were screened, with a mean age of 4.56±2.66 y. The overall incidence of endotracheal tube–related MDAEs was 11.7% (n=8). Among the reported adverse events, oropharyngeal injury was the most frequent (25%, n=2). Other observed events included tube blockage, aspiration, laryngeal trauma, laryngeal edema, vocal cord injury, and tube malposition (each 12.5%, n=1), presented concisely without redundancy. Conclusion: Oropharyngeal injury was the most commonly observed adverse event associated with endotracheal tube use in pediatric patients. Early detection, careful monitoring, and systematic reporting of device-related adverse events are essential to improve patient safety. Further studies are required to explore potential risk factors, including the role of underlying clinical conditions.
Objective: The ongoing search for effective COVID-19 treatments has driven interest in drug repurposing and hybrid drug design strategies. This study aimed to develop and evaluate novel mefenamic acid–antibiotic hybrids as potential inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). Methods: Eight hybrid molecules were rationally designed and analyzed using molecular docking and in silico ADME evaluations to predict their binding affinity, stability, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic behaviour. Results: Eight mefenamic acid–antibiotic hybrids were evaluated for their potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. All hybrids demonstrated stronger binding affinity than mefenamic acid (MEF) alone, with the MEF–cephalexin (MEF–CEX) conjugate showing the most favorable binding energy (–7.6 kcal/mol), indicating enhanced complex stability due to the cephalosporin scaffold. ADME predictions revealed moderate pharmacokinetic properties across the series, and the MEF–ciprofloxacin (MEF–CIP) hybrid displayed notable blood–brain barrier permeability despite one Lipinski rule violation. Conclusion: The findings highlight mefenamic acid–antibiotic hybrids, particularly cephalosporin-based derivatives, as promising multifunctional candidates with combined anti-inflammatory and antiviral potential against SARS-CoV-2. Further preclinical validation is warranted to optimize their pharmacological and safety profiles for potential therapeutic application.
Objective: Inflammation is a biological response of vascularized tissue to harmful stimuli, including infection, damaged cells, or irritants, and is characterized by a complex, protective, non-specific response. Genistein, derived from soybeans by isoflavonoids of estrogenic and anti-inflammatory activities, recently attracted attention as an attractive drug candidate for the treatment or prevention of rheumatoid arthritis. The present investigation was carried out to explore the pharmacological role of genistein treatment in an experimentally induced inflammatory model with its antioxidant activity. Methods: The antioxidant capacity was evaluated utilizing the 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay method. The anti-inflammatory activity was also evaluated with the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model in Wistar rats. The research includes a normal group (vehicle control), a control group (carrageenan control), a standard group (celecoxib 50 mg/kg, p. o.), and test groups (T1: genistein 10 mg/kg, p. o., and T2: genistein 20 mg/kg, p. o.). Inflammation in experimental groups (except the normal group) was induced by a single dose injection of 0.1 ml of carrageenan (1% w/v in saline) at the subplantar region of the left hind paw after pretreatment with vehicle or drugs as per protocol. Paw edema was observed at different times after induction. Results: The genistein showed dose-dependent antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay (inhibition of 83.63% at 100 µg/ml). In vivo, paw edema was inhibited by genistein to an extent comparable with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Genistein exerted potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities in experimental models, which underlined its use as a nutraceutical for the adjuvant therapy of inflammatory diseases.
Objective: This review provides a comprehensive understanding of regulatory expectations for generic drug approval in the United States. It highlights essential submission components, evaluation procedures, and common scientific and administrative issues that may lead to Refuse-to-Receive decisions. The review aims to guide applicants in improving submission quality and streamlining regulatory assessment. Methods: Information was collected from official guidance documents, federal regulations, national generic drug program performance reports, and peer-reviewed literature related to regulatory science and generic drug development. Publications addressing filing requirements, laboratory and manufacturing standards, comparative clinical study principles, and deficiency management strategies were included, while outdated or irrelevant sources were excluded. Results: This review summarizes the administrative, scientific, and technical requirements for complete generic drug submissions. It describes regulatory evaluation procedures, common deficiencies identified during review, and mechanisms for information requests. Although recent trends indicate improved submission quality and reduced approval timelines, gaps in scientific and technical documentation continue to limit first-cycle approvals. Conclusion: Structured ANDA submissions supported by robust scientific evidence and early engagement with regulatory authorities can significantly reduce review delays and Refuse-to-Receive outcomes. Ensuring data completeness, adherence to regulatory guidelines, and systematic documentation from the early development stage improves the likelihood of timely approval for generic medicines.
Permanent movement deficits as an outcome of non-progressive disruptions during the process of cerebral development are the hallmark of cerebral palsy (CP), a common developmental condition. Greater immaturity and lower birth weight are associated with a higher prevalence of CP. CP continues to be a leading cause of childhood disability globally, despite improvements in clinical care. The gap between discovery and application can be closed by combining state-of-the-art research with patient-centered clinical practice, offering new hope for improving the quality of life of individuals with cerebral palsy and their families. Recent advancements also demonstrate how Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize CP management.-powered technologies are improving early diagnosis by using predictive modeling and sophisticated image analysis. Early treatments are made possible by machine learning algorithms that assist in detecting infants who are at risk even before clinical symptoms manifest. Children with cerebral palsy are benefitting from improved movement, communication, and rehabilitation results thanks to robotics and AI-based assistive technologies. The continuous attempts to connect clinical practice with new research are highlighted in this study. It discusses on early diagnosis, management techniques meant to improve patient outcomes, and the growing understanding of CP risk factors. The way that care is provided is changing as a result of recent scientific developments in fields including Neuron-protective medicines, regenerative medicine, and rehabilitation technology. Furthermore, more effective and customized treatment techniques are being made possible by AI applications in remote patient monitoring and individualized therapy planning.
Sirtuins are a group of NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases that play an important role in cellular homeostasis, with wide-ranging effects on health and disease. Gene expression, metabolism, DNA repair, stress responses, and longevity are just a few of the biological processes that are affected by these evolutionarily conserved enzymes. Seven sirtuin subtypes (SIRT1–SIRT7) comprise the sirtuin family, and each has unique enzymatic properties and subcellular locations. Sirtuins are essential agents in chromatin remodelling, coordinating epigenetic changes that affect gene transcription and cellular destiny. Additionally, they play a crucial role in controlling pathways for nutrition sensing and energy homeostasis, which regulate the cellular metabolism. Notably, sirtuins participate in DNA repair and affect cell cycle progression, both of which are essential for maintaining genomic stability. This article offers a thorough overview of sirtuin biology, with an emphasis on their numerous roles, cellular localization, and consequences in various physiological and pathological circumstances.
Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a distinctive cutaneous adverse drug reaction that recurs at the same anatomical sites upon re-exposure to the offending agent. Although most cases are triggered by antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, herbal and polyherbal formulations are increasingly being recognized as potential culprits. We report a 45 y old female who developed multiple erythematous to hyperpigmented patches on the trunk and extremities following the use of an over-the-counter Ayurvedic supplement, Good Health, containing Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha), Eclipta alba (Bhringraj), and other ingredients. The lesions subsided after discontinuation of the supplement and topical application of mometasone 0.1 % cream but reappeared at identical sites upon re-exposure, confirming the diagnosis of FDE. Causality assessment using WHO-UMC and Naranjo criteria categorized the event as “probable.” Confirmatory patch testing was not performed; hence, the exact culprit herb remains uncertain. This case highlights that even widely used herbal preparations can precipitate fixed drug eruptions and underscores the importance of herbal pharmacovigilance and patient counselling regarding over-the-counter Ayurvedic products.
Objective: The efficacy and safety evaluation of oral “glycosides-based standardized fenugreek seed extract" (SFSE-G) supplementation to a healthy aging adult population. Methods: A total of 112 healthy individuals aged ≥ 45 years (determined by chronological age and Levine’s phenotypic age) were randomized using a computer-generated list (1:1 ratio) to receive 300 mg capsules of either SFSE-G or placebo daily for 12 weeks in a double-blind design. The outcome measures were changes in plasma “nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide” (NAD⁺) levels, plasma “adenosine triphosphate” (ATP) levels, phenotypic age, physical performance, fatigue, and quality of life, along with safety and tolerability. Results: Out of 112 participants enrolled, 103 completed the study (SFSE-G: 50; placebo: 53). Plasma NAD+ concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher when age correlated in SFSE-G-treated groups (vs. placebo). No serious adverse events or safety concerns were reported, indicating good tolerability of treatments. In addition, the study found that 12 weeks of 300 mg SFSE-G oral supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) increased ATP levels, improved physical fatigue, and showed trends in reducing phenotypic age and improving quality of life in correlation with age. Conclusion: SFSE-G supplementation showed potential to mitigate age-related declines in energy metabolism and physical fatigue, with a robust safety profile.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antiulcer activity of the leaves of C. mooreanum. Methods: Methanol-dichloromethane extract of C. mooreanum (MDECM) was prepared and used for the study. The antiulcer activity of the leaf extract was evaluated in vivo using ethanol-, acidified ethanol-, aspirin-, and indomethacin-induced ulcers in rats. The MDECM was also subjected to phytochemical analysis. Results: The MDECM showed a significant reduction in ulcer index in the four models. Compared to the other treatment doses, the 200 mg/kg demonstrated the highest inhibition in acidified ethanol-and aspirin-induced models, and was only marginally more effective than 400 mg/kg in the indomethacin-induced gastric lesion models. The MDECM (400 mg/kg) elicited a higher reduction of ulcer index compared to the standard drug, omeprazole, in the ethanol-induced ulcer model (p < 0.05). Also, the highest inhibition of gastric ulcer elicited by MDECM in the other three models were comparable to that of the standard drug. Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, terpenoids, anthocyanins, and glycosides in MDECM. Conclusion: C. mooreanum effectively protected the gastric mucosa against ulcer, supporting its traditional use in the treatment of gastric ulcers. Further studies are ongoing to isolate and characterize the active molecule(s).
Resveratrol, a plant-derived polyphenol abundant in grapes, berries, peanuts, and red wine, has been the subject of intense scientific exploration for more than three decades. First associated with the French Paradox, it is now widely studied for its ability to influence multiple biological pathways that underlie chronic disease and aging. Experimental evidence shows that resveratrol reduces oxidative stress, modulates inflammatory cascades, improves mitochondrial function, and regulates cell survival and metabolism. Through these actions, it exerts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anticancer, neuroprotective, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, and anti-aging effects. While laboratory and animal studies provide compelling support, outcomes from human trials remain variable, reflecting challenges such as poor bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and differences in study design. Recent innovations including nanoparticle based carriers, synthetic analogs, and synergistic formulations are being developed to enhance its stability and clinical utility. Resveratrol is not a miracle cure, but rather a promising candidate for adjunct therapy, underscoring the potential of natural compounds to complement conventional medicine pending further clinical validation. Its journey underscores the need for rigorous, long-term, and well controlled clinical studies to establish effective doses, safety profiles, and therapeutic applications. By bridging traditional phytotherapy and modern translational science, resveratrol continues to inspire both researchers and clinicians in the search for holistic approaches to health and disease management.
