Nutrient compositions including proximate, fatty acids, amino acids, minerals and vitamins in tissues of the wild spot-fin porcupinefish（Diodon hystrix） were analyzed in detail to assess their nutrient value and to further explore the dietary requirements of this species farmed. Diodon hystrix individuals with similar body weight（284.6-358.5 g） and body length（15.9-21.8 cm） were collected from the South China Sea from Aug., 2015 to Aug., 2016. In general, skin and muscle possessed negligible fat contents（0.3-0.4 g/100 g wet weight） and low energy value（317.4-497.3 k J/100 g）, while proteins（17.8-25.4 g/100 g wet weight） were found to be the richest component. The dominant amino acids in both muscle and skin of D. hystrix included histidine, cysteine, tyrosine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine, while the major mineral elements were calcium, magnesium, potassium,sodium, and phosphorus. It was apparent that D. hystrix had high content of amino acids, and the rate of essentia amino acids was accorded with FAO/WHO standard. This study illustrated that the wild D. hystrix would be a valuable natural source of protein, with high commercial potential, and especially, skin and muscle were more valuable. Moreover, the basic data from the present study would supply the fundamental reference for formulated diet and culture of this species.
Scotland’s history has been, to a large degree, a history of landed power. The Scottish land issue becomes a perennial favourite in folk and in academic field. This paper uses historical analysis to understand the context and content of Scottish land reform. It finds that the land ownership is shifting from private to community body and the process is long but friendly. Furthermore, the land ownership change is a reflection of social development conception change from economic pursuit to sustainable democratic management.
The physical-mechanical properties of Populus × canadensis Moench and Populus × euramericana (Dode) Guinier cv. Gelrica were studied to provide theoretical and scientific bases for the directional breeding and efficient use of artificial forests with P. canadensis and P. euramericana Gelrica. The results showed the air-dried density, basic density of P. canadensis were 0.468 g/cm3 and 0.372 g/cm3,respectively; the shrinkage coefficient of radial, tangential and volume were 0.133％,0.270％ and 0.553％ , respectively;the modulus of elasticity in static bending, the bending strength and the compressive strength parallel to grain were 9302.99 MPa,79.69 MPa and 40.32 Mpa, respectively. As for the P. euramericana Gelrica, the air-dried density, basic densitywere 0.453 and 0.355 g/cm3, respectively; the shrinkage coefficient of radial, tangential and volume were 0.205％, 0.304％ and 0.554％,respectively; the modulus of elasticity in static bending, the bending strength and the compressive strength parallel to grain were 9014.44, 55.87 and 33.09 Mpa respectively.Comprehensive analysis of the indicators showed that the properties of P. canadensis were better than those of P.euramericana Gelrica.
In order to study the effects of mechanized transplanting and fertilization mode on population growth and development of the male parent in seed production of hybrid rice, three male parents, Huazhan, Shuhui 527 and R9311 were selected as materials. The male parents were transplanted by rice transplanter with two kinds of line spacing design, six lines with equal row spacing (20/25 cm × 30 cm) and wide and narrow spacing (20/25 cm × 40, 20 cm), and artificial transplanting with equal row spacing (20/25 cm × 30 cm) was set as the control. The three fertilization modes were applying for one, two and three times. The flowering stage and panicle-spikelet structure of the male parent were investigated. The results showed that the effects of mechanized transplanting and fertilization mode were little on the duration from seeding to heading; the panicles and spikelets of the three male parents were significantly increased by mechanized transplanting. The tiller number was increased by mechanized transplanting and fertilizing for two and three times. Wide and narrow spacing by machine planting and fertilizing for three times were suitable for Huazhan, which significantly increased the number of spikelets per unit area. Furthermore, the number of spikelets per unit area of Shuhui 527 and R9311 were significantly increased by mechanized transplanting and fertilizing for three times.
In this paper, the characteristics of Jiangzao 361, as well as its appearance in throwing transplanting are introduced, and the high-yielding throwing technique for Jiangzao 361 is summed up. On the basis of the experimental demonstration,the corresponding matching throwing technique is put forward.
Fluoride contents in plants and soils in Kaili City were measured with fluorinion as per electrode method and the related characteristics were analyzed in order to explore effects of air fluoride pollution on plant and soil.The results indicated that fluoride content in plants tended to be volatile in 135.62-1 420.97 μg/g and averaged 513.99 μg/g;fluoride content in soils changed from 240.50-340.36 μg/g and averaged 279.60 μg/g.The contents of plant and soil both exceeded background value,suggesting that plants and soils in the region have been polluted.In addition,fluoride contents differ significantly upon plants.In detail,the maximal content was in Camelliaolelfera Abel and the minimal in Camelliaolelfera Abel.The contents of fluoride in different plant species vary,as follows:shrub vine herbaceous plant arbor;evergreen plants deciduous plant;fluoride contents in plants and soils also differ in varying degrees upon research sites.
The panel dataset which covered the socio-economic data of 31 provinces （municipalities and autonomous region） in China from 2000-2007 was used to do empirical analysis on the effect of abolishing agricultural taxes on farmers＇ income by referring to the fixed effect estimation method. It found that the abolition of agricultural taxes increased farmer＇s net income per capita by 2%. Combining with the results of empirical analysis, related policy suggestions were put forward to increase farmers＇ income.
[Objective] This study was to study the flower bud differentiation process of Gentiana triflora Pall.,and to clarify the flower bud development law and the correlation between flower buds differentiation and external morphology.[Method] The paraffin section method was used to observe the flower bud of Gentiana triflora under microscope.[Result] The flower bud differentiation process of Gentiana triflora could be divided into six stages: the undifferentiated stage,initial differentiation stage,sepal primordia differentiation stage,petal primordia differentiation stage,stamen primordia differentiation stage and the pistil primordia differentiation stage.The flower bud differentiation started from early May,when the plant had 10-11 stem nodes,and completed in early June,lasted about 40 d.The effect of plant height on flower bud differentiation was not significant.[Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for the high-yield cultivation,variety selection and flowering regulation of Gentiana triflora.
Use less water, gains more high-quality rice, and improve the level of protection of the national food security . Based on the optimization of drip irrigation in rice planting density , put forward rice drip irrigation under plastic film and direct seeding technology.Developed rice drip irrigation planter , based on agriculture and agriculture machinery .Through a large area field experiment, shows that: the rainfed rice membrane perforated broadcast technology , can significantly reduce artificial consumed and emergence uniformity .Production practice shows that the hole rate ≤3%; cave grains pass rate≥85%; the film hole overburden rate ≥95%;the hole reached 31000-33000 per acres, the machine can a-dapt the arid area of China ’s rice planting agronomic technical requirements of high-density, and provide technical sup-port for the arid region of china's rice produced.
[Objective] This paper aimed to explore the formulation mechanism of one heavy precipitation synoptic process in the south-west of Shandong Province from June 16th to June 17th in 2010. [Method] Based on information of circulation forms and physical quantity field, data of radar echo evolution and numerical prediction test, a heavy precipitation synoptic process in southwest Shandong during June 16th to June 17th in 2010 was analyzed to explore the formation mechanism of this synoptic process. [Result] The results showed that under the condition of relatively large circulation radial degree in eastern China, high-altitude cold vortex in Mongolia split, moved towards the south and impacted southwest air current at the edge of subtropical high from the west side. Cold vortex and shear line at the edge of subtropical high were the major impact system for the formulation of heavy precipitation synoptic process. The transportation of the southwest jest stream to the warm moist airflow provided water vapor conditions for the heavy precipitation, the high and low level jet stream and low level shear line provided strong dynamic lifting for this precipitation. [Conclusion] This study provided reference for heavy precipitation forecast.
[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the evolution characteristics and occurrence patterns of droughts and floods in Weifang City. [Method] Based on the monthly precipitation data during 1961-2010 obtained from nine meteorological sta- tions of Weifang City, by using standardized precipitation index, monthly SPI index of Weifang City during the past 50 years was calculated to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of drought and humidification in Weifang City. [Result] The results showed that the variation of drought and humidification had stage characteristics in Weifang City, which was relatively humid in the 1960s and 1970s and developed from extremely humid in early 1960s to dry in late 1970s, persistent drought was observed throughout the range of Weifang City in the 1980s, and the variation tended to be smooth during the 1990s-2000s. Spatial distribution of drought and humidification in Weifang City showed certain regional characteristics. In the 1960s, the mid-west region of Weifang City was relatively humid, while the southeastern region was relatively dry; in the 1970s, there was little difference among the drought and humidification extent in each region; in the 1980s, each region of Weifang City was generally dry, specifically, drought in the southeastern region was the most severe, while drought in the northern region was the slightest; in the 1990s and 2000s, variation of drought and humidification in each region of Weifang City was basically the same. The uneven spatial and temporal distribution of precipi- tation led to abnormal distribution of drought and humidification in some areas, such as the abnormal phenomenon in 1999; the spatial distribution of drought and humidi- fication duration in each generation had their own characteristics, which brought diffi- culties to the unified deployment of drought and flood control departments. [Conclu- sion] This study provided theoretical basis for the drought resistance, waterlogging prevention and disaster reduction in Weifang City under the background of climate change.
[Objective] The paper was to explore the microscopic structure of rabbit hair. [Method] Single rabbit hair with typical features was selected to observe its mi- croscopic structure from tip to root, and its fiber diameter was also measured. [Result] The rabbit hair tip was constituted by scale layer and cortical layer, without medullary layer; the middle part was generally constituted by scale layer, cortical layer and medullary layer; the root had no medullary layer, and the scale layer was wheatear-shaped. This was the property of rabbit hair, which could be used for comparative studies with other animal fiber and species identification. Rabbit hair had developed medullary layer, and fiber diameter was positively related to column number of medullary cavity. The hair generally was single column, and coarse hair was multi-column. Single rabbit hair was the finest in the tip, coarse in the middle and tapering in the root. The diameter difference of various parts was large, and the ex- ternal growth characteristics was spindle-shaped. [Conclusion] Using biological micro- scope method to identify different animal fur and product species is more objective and simple.
[Objective] To study the effects of different culture conditions on the Fusarium oxysporurn SchL f. sp. [Method] Based on species identification of the pathogenic organism of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp, effects of different cultures and different nutrients on the mycelial growth and conidial production of Fusarium oxysporum SchL f. sp were studied. [Result] The mycelial growth and conidial pro- duction of Fusarium oxysporum SchL f. sp was different under different culture con- ditions. PDA medium was the most suitable medium for the mycelial growth and had the highest conidial production; and the mycelial grew the fastest on the medium with maltose as carbon source or peptone as nitrogen source, which also had the highest conidial production. [Conclusion] This study provided experimental basis for the study of Fusarium oxysporum SchL f. sp and also provided theoretical basis for the study and control of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp.
[Objective] To analyze the efficiency of Hunan agro-ecosystem in 1980- 2010. [Method] This paper adopts the emergy methods to evaluate the emergy input and output. [Result] The growth of total emergy input was mainly caused by the auxiliary factors in this phase. The proportion of the nonrenewable purchased emergy input to the total auxiliary emergy input increased from 21.80% in 1980 to 33.04% in 2010. In 1980-2010 the total emergy output of the system increased by 2.43 times, the proportions of the stock farming emergy output and fishery emergy output to the total emergy output increased sharply, while those of the planting emergy output and forestry emergy output showed a considerable decline. [Conclusion] The emergy yield ratio of this system was improved but its sustainability was worrying.
[Objective] The aim was to establish a convenient and effective method to evaluate the toxicity of heavy metal ions by using small molecular DNA. [Method] pUC18 DNA which had exposed to the four heavy metal ions of Hg2＋, Cr6＋, Pb2＋, Cd2＋ was used to study the bioactivity of DNA; simultaneously, gel electrophoresis and hyperchromic effect were employed to detect the mechanism of DNA damage. [Result] The bioactivity of the exposed DNA was decreased and the influence degree was Hg2＋Cr6＋Pb2＋Cd2＋; the gel electrophoresis and hyperchromic effect proved that the main reason leading to reduce the bioactivity was DNA cross link, in the order pf Hg2＋Cr6＋Pb2＋Cd2＋. [Conclusion] The study indicated that pUC18 DNA could be used to assay the damage of DNA causing by heavy mental ions, which may be a potential, simple and effective tool to evaluate toxicity of heavy metal ions to DNA.
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the submicroscopic structure and morphological characteristics of mulberry pollen.[Method] Mulberry pollen of seven cultivars were processed by glutaraldehyde fixing,alcohol gradient dehydration,freeze-drying and metal plating to observe the size and surface ornamentation under the scanning electron microscope(SEM).[Result] The pollen surface characteristics and ornamentation were clearly visible,indicating this method is suitable for SEM observation of mulberry pollen;experimental mulberry pollen was nearly spherical,with two germ pores and spike on pore membrane;polar axis was 15.99-22.63 μm,and equatorial axis was 14.98-20.78 μm;the pollen volume of 'Yu No.2' was the maximum,while that of 'Jinxuan No.7' was the minimum;the surface of mulberry pollen showed smooth and tumor-like protuberances ornamentation,covered with different density of particles.[Conclusion] Glutaraldehyde fixative-alcohol gradient dehydration is an ideal method for morphological characteristics of mulberry pollen.This study may provide useful information for palynology identification of Morus plants or even species-level systematic classification.
Urban-rural integration is important for urbanization and strengthening of urban and rural development in China. Since the third session of the 16th National Committee, the model is still at experimental stage, although with some progress. Hence, it is necessary to make a summary on some typical experience of urban-ru- ral integration, in order to provide references for further exploration.
In the paper, related research and progress of molecular clock hypothesis were summarized, including definition of molecular clock, supporting proofs, contro- versy, significance and perfection, application and accompanying challenges.
