The use of drilling additives has rapidly increased with the growing complexity of the drilling process. The environmental hazards associated with drilling waste have drawn a great deal of attention. It is, therefore, necessary to select eco-friendly drilling fluid additives and screen for suitable bioindicators. In the present study, toxicity tests were conducted in accordance with ISO 11348-1 (2007) and the Chinese national standards GB/T 21805-2008 and GB/T 18420.2-2009. Standard marine test organisms were used, including the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri, marine diatom Chaetoceros muelleri, cladoceran Moina mongolica, anostracan Artemia salina, whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, and fish Mugilogobius chulae. The results showed that sulfonated asphalt and emulsifier 2 were the most toxic of the 26 drilling fluid additives tested, followed by White oil No. 3, anti-high temperature fluid loss additive, cleaning agent, and emulsifier 1. The order of species sensitivity to drilling fluid component toxicity was M. chulae>M. mongolica>A. salina>L. vannamei>C. muelleri>V. fischeri. A. salina, M. mongolica, and L. vannamei were significantly correlated with each other, as were V. fischeri and C. muelleri, while M. chulae was significantly and positively correlated with C. muelleri and L. vannamei. In conclusion, it was determined that M. chulae is suitable as a standard laboratory-reared organism for drilling waste toxicity assessments, followed by M. mongolica and C. muelleri. In view of their comparatively high toxicities, both sulfonated asphalt and emulsifier 2 merit further investigation and should be replaced by more ecologically benign products.
Coral reefs being highly diverse to marine ecology, yet most of the mystery remain unsolved. Coral reefs are of ecological as well as economic importance. Corals support commercial and subsistence fisheries, tourism, and are of medicinal value. It also creates a barrier against storms, flooding, and erosion by reducing wave action. Further, Corals support the existence of nearly 4,000 species of fish, 800 species of hard corals reef and other oceanic species. They also act as carbon sinkers. Coral polyps take up dissolved CO2 in the water to make their calcareous exoskeleton allowing atmospheric CO2 levels to be reduced. People around the world depend on the coral reefs as it’s used as food, protection, provides employment and attracts tourism. They are attractive sites for recreational activities such as snorkeling and scuba diving. Furthermore, the coral reef ecosystem could represent increasingly significant sources for medical treatments, nutritional supplements, pesticides, cosmetics and other commercial products. Therefore, needs best strategies to improve to protect coral reef.
In marine and offshore industry although there has been major development towards loss prevention concepts such as internal and external audits, inspections, surveys, upgrades, maintenance, physical and technical modifications, enforcing new regulations via united nation’s agencies such as IMO and ILO and technical standards via classification societies to avoid the potential hazards and risks of damage to assets e.g. fixed offshore structures and environment or harming people etc., but the moves toward managing the hazards and risks in a methodological way which are linked directly to the management and decision making processes have been very slow. Furthermore, in marine and offshore industry most perceptions, frameworks and methodologies of dealing with hazards and risks are for their assessment rather than their management. This trend reveals the fact that in different marine and offshore industry sectors such as logistics, oil and gas there is a lack of coherent Quantitative Risk Management (QRM) methodology from which to understand the risk-based decisions especially for the purpose of appropriate risk management e.g. offshore terminals and marine ports. Therefore, in this paper initially, Fuzzy Set Theory was applied to deal with vagueness of the uncertain risk-based data. In the next stage Fuzzy Fault Tree and Fuzzy Event Tree methods were used to achieve the sequence of quantitative risk analysis. In the final step a Fuzzy TOPSIS model was used for implementation of the mitigation phase. Finally, the practicability of the addressed QRM methodology under Fuzzy Environment was verified with the use of a suitable case study.
Hassan Vatandoost, Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi, Maryam Tavasoli, Abdollah Badzohre, Dawoud Keshavarzi, Morteza Akbari, Amir Fathi, Nazanin-Zahra Karimi, Samira Firooziyan, Kamal Dashti, Narges Marvi-Moghadam and Mostafa Ahmad Yusof-The Species Diversity of Aquatic Insects in Karaj River, Central Iran
Background: The unremarkably identified renewable fuels commonly known are bioethanol and biodiesel. However, there are various types of fuels that are being globally investigated. These embrace bio-butanol, bio-jet fuel, bio-renewable diesel, bio-hydrogen, bio-toluene and various alternative organic compounds. There’s hefty chance for innovation in many areas as well as biomass handling and transportation, biomass size, biomass pretreatment, conversion of pre-treated biomass into biofuel. The bioactive potential of the 3 marine algae of common incidence in Chilika Lake of Odisha, specifically Chaetomorpha linum, Enteromorpha intestinalis and Gracilaria verrucosa for their utilization of potential biofuel production has been investigated. Objective: The main purpose of this work was to produce biodiesel from three marine macroalgae Chaetomorpha linum, Enteromorpha intestinalis and Gracilaria verrucosa using transesterification process. Materials and Methods: The three marine macroalgae sample were collected from Chilika Lake. The biomass dried with sunlight and converted into powder by mortar and pestle. Biodiesel was produced by the transesterification process. Conclusion: A detailed study on the 3 marine macroalgae, their conservation, identification, maintenance in outlined substance, their growth dynamics and lipid content are undertaken to seek out their potentiality for production of biodiesel.
This review summarizes earlier observations related to the changes of ocean as the largest osmotic system. The global warming and the melting of freshwater reserves (polar glaciers, ice sheets and permanent sno) provided evidence for the sea level rise and dilution of seawater contradicting the unsustainable geochemical theory of steady-state ocean system. The osmolarity of blood of terrestrial vertebrates (~0.3 Os) is known to reflect the osmolarity of the primordial ocean at the time of their migration to land during the Devonian period some 400 million years ago. The osmotic concentration of the present day ocean (1.09 Osm) is now more than three times higher than that of the blood of land vertebrates referred to as the ’salinity gap’. The recent dilution tendency is opposed by other processes that suggest a long-term salination of ocean rather than the decrease of the osmolarity of terrestrial vertebrates. The salinity increase of ocean is likely to be related to the global loss of freshwater raising questions about the extent of water deficit and how the global loss of fresh water could be developed. Beside salination other factors of freshwater loss include photohydrolysis of water, biological oxidation of food molecules, and escape of hydrogen to the space. This study also specifies cooperating processes that limit the extent of the dilution caused by global warming. The melting of ice and snow of the available freshwater reservoirs could not support more than 50 m sea level rise. Data of earlier sea level rises up to 200 to 400 m in the past 500 million years have been used to estimate the global freshwater loss and its contribution to the salination of ocean.
This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying coral bleaching. Galaxea astreata corals were maintained in aquaria either under non-thermal stress (28°C) or under thermal stress (32°C) for 5 days followed by non-thermal stress for 7 days. Changes in the morphology and ultrastructure of the zooxanthellae of these corals were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that zooxanthella cells under 28°C and 30°C for 24 h displayed normal morphological features. Zooxanthella cells were damaged and their membranes began to fold after exposure to thermal stress for 72 h. These cells became severely damaged and underwent apoptosis upon prolonged exposure (168 h) to thermal stress. When thermal stress was further prolonged to 218 h, necrosis characterized by ruptured cell wall was observed. Recovery process was initiated by gradually reducing the temperature from 32°C to 28°C. The external morphology of Symbiodinium cells recovered at 28°C for 216 h. However, the cytoplasmic organelles needed more time to repair. These results implied that symbiont cells can survive and potentially be reabsorbed for symbiosis after coral bleaching.
Cultivation of C. polykrikoides was carried out using different culture media including f/2 medium (without silicate), modified f/2 medium, Conway, TMRL and ESM in the Iranian Shrimp Research Center in 2013. C. polykrikoides was cultured in test tubes, 100 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks and in a 16 l aquarium, using 32 ppt seawater (27 ± 2°C) and with light intensity of 5000 lux, under cool-white fluorescent illuminations, and in a 12:12 h light-dark cycle. The best result was obtained using modified f/2 medium followed by TMRL medium. With ESM, cultivation was continued, in 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks but it was not possible in more than 100 ml container. C. polykrikoides cultivation was unsuccessful with the f/2 medium and Conway medium even in the test tube. The results of the study showed that mass cultivation of C. polykrikoides was possible with modified f/2 medium even in an aquarium, but did not have favorable results with TMRL medium in the aquarium.
Maritime transportation for Tunisia plays an important role in trade exchange with other countries. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to measure the efficiency scores of 7 seaports in Tunisia by applying the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) with Cobb-Douglas production function and Data envelopment analysis (DEA) with CCR and BCC models. The annual data collected cover the 2007-2017 period for each port. Thus, the sample size for the analysis comprises a total of 77 observations. The empirical result shows that the total average scores of operating efficiency scores were DEA-BCC (0.746) >SFACD (0.536)>DEA-CCR (0.334) from 2007 to 2017. Given these results, the port of Gabes can be considered as the best efficient port in the 3 models (DEA-BCC, DEA-CCR and SFA-CD).
The article wants to realize what relatively important keywords among marine spatial planning (MSP) whether are really workable, disguise of political interest or excuse for ambiguous policy. It had literature review including international journal, UNESCO document and domestic related regulations for 10 keywords. The results indicate male, female, elder age ≥ 40 and young age ≤ 39 what have same top 3 keywords Maintain Biodiversity, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) respectively. Meanwhile, it conducted statistical tests within confidence interval 95% are significantly different from 10 keywords. Restarting discarded plant will pollute air and construct coal dock within 3 miles Protection Zone endangering biodiversity loss. Not only finding conflicts between ecological conservation and plant exploitation but provides effective plans for problem solution. The plan 1 maintaining biodiversity establishes underwater museum and associates with virtual reality technology in place of plant at same site for preventing pollution and activating idle asset. Plan 2 performs ICZM, creates aquaculture incubation at site of estimated coal dock and associates traditional fish port, Touristy Fish Port with Marine Museum Scientific and Technology for ecotourism. Plan 3 implements comprehensive EIA, upgrades current LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) to LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) renewable energy. Human cannot prevent natural disaster happening such as earthquake but can alleviate adverse impact and adopt adaptive strategy. All above plans are good examples for maintaining biodiversity, ICZM and EIA through MSP. *Corresponding author: Victor Te Cheng Liao, Rui Fang District Administration, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Tel: +886930276576; E-mail: victortechengliao@gmail.com Received July 13, 2018; Accepted September 04, 2018; Published September 07, 2018 Citation: Liao VTC (2018) The Analysis of Maintaining Biodiversity, Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Environmental Impact Assessment for Marine Spatial Planning. J Marine Sci Res Dev 8: 260. doi: 10.4172/2155-9910.1000260 Copyright: © 2018 Liao VTC. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Anna Karenina C. Dalabajan, Suzielette Veve R. Hilay, Ma. Cailah Joyce O. Velasco, Virna Jane M. Navarro and Angelo P. Olvido-Effects of Collector Sea Urchin (Tripneustes gratilla) on the Reduction of Brown Seaweed (Dictyota spp. and Padina spp.) Cover in Post-Coral Bleached Systems
A study pertaining to diurnal variations of water quality parameters were carried out in three different coastal ecosystems Mandapm jetty (MJ), Seagrass meadows (SG) and coral reef (CR) i.e. sites (site1, site 2 and site 3) of Gulf of Mannar (GoM) for the period 24 hours from the month of September 20 to 21, 2016. The various physicochemical parameters like water temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen of the different environments are the main factors to influence the water quality of the selected study sites. The water temperature (WT°C) varied from 28.44 to 32.30°C, salinity ranged between 35.89 to 40.28 ppt, pH measured as from 7.98 to 8.48 and dissolved oxygen varied from 3.72 to 8.58 mg/l respectively. The recorded value of chlorophyll a ranged between 0.36 to 1.32 mg/m3 from three sites during the study period. From the three different ecosystems, seagrass ecosystem constantly influences the variation of physicochemical parameters from other two ecosystems. The physicochemical variations of coastal region are including wide range of spatio-temporal variations in selected ecosystems (sites).
The orientation of a rectangular opening in a plate subject to a uniaxial stress has an important effect on stress distribution. In this paper, the effect of von mises stress has been investigated for various corner radius of rectangular opening to opening width ratio of a finite rectangular plate, from this analysis the suitable model has been selected and on the basis of that model the effect of von mises stress also has been investigated for various opening width to length ratio and from this analysis most desirable model has been selected when the value of opening width to length ratio is 0.5. Openings are reinforced to restore partially the effective cross section area and reduce stress concentration. In this paper, the effect of von mises stress on various types of reinforcements have been investigated and from this analysis it has been observed that single doubler plate gives the most suitable reinforced model. Finally, the convergence test has been performed for the most suitable reinforced model. The aim of this paper is to analyze a finite steel plate with a rectangular hole subjected to uniaxial stress and observe the effect of variation in reinforcement.
Coral reefs are very sensitive and vulnerable to Sea Surface Temperature (SST) rise than their optimal maximum temperature (27°C). SST rise do not only affect coral reef but also fishery production. Line Intersect Transect (LIT) and key informant interview have been used to study the effect of SST on coral reefs in Chole bay and Jibondo in Mafia Island. Sea Surface temperature in Mafia has increased by 0.56°C since 2001 up to 2016. This increase has significant effect on coral reef health, as it causes coral bleaching and reduction of fish catch. In Mafia Island increase in SST from November 2015 up to April 2016 was exacerbated by El Nino incidence in the Indian Ocean. The El Nino incidence was very strong with the temperature rise of 2.3°C. Almost 50% of coral reefs in Mafia have been bleached in 2016 while from 2001 bleaching varied in yearly basis. That's, coral reefs tend to bleach from January to March in every year and recover from September to November in every year, but the 2016 bleaching incidence was very severe since, 40-60% was bleached in mafia Island.
The fast growth of industrialization and other anthropogenic activities is generating chemical pollution posing at risk the entire marine environment. In particular modifications of either marine temperature or pH are creating a crescent alarm in the scientific community. ?e accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere resulted from the last 40 years in the Earth’s average temperature increase of 0.75°C/1.4°F which is the global warming that is changing the planet climate. Among the e
Taxonomy of marine biota is the process of analyzing the characters that exist in the individual, connecting the available characters and create similarities and inequalities between a large numbers of individuals. It is not easy to find and measure similarities or similarities in great diversity. However, in any biota with such great diversity, there is, of course, a certain similarity or trait even if small and small. This commonality or uniformity that taxonomists use as the basis for classification. The creation of clear taxon boundaries becomes especially important when faced with a high diversity of marine biota, not only in quantity and species but also in the ecosystem and climatic conditions, as well as in the tropics. Given the pattern of phenotypic and genotype variations, it would be difficult to define species boundaries based solely on morphological characters, but to be important in monitoring and evaluating character performance on the basis of this pattern. By recognizing and analyzing this pattern of order, it can serve as the identity of individual characters in the species population. The identity of standardized characters in the character performance index, it can be used to monitor, evaluate and investigate the status and condition of the character's performance at any time either to the genetic material, biota or ecology. This article aims to explain the basic concepts of biomarkers as well as their role as taxonomic materials and performance indicators of the character of a marine biota.
Turkey’s environmental pollution control strategies will contribute to the protection of the Black Sea water quality. Key pollution problems are eutrophication and non-point source (NPS) pollution. The Black Sea Trans boundary Analysis Project 2007 Report is the main source of this project in which the author of this paper was one of the contributors as expert. The aim is to analyze the current environmental situation in the provinces of Turkey that border the Black Sea and underline the most critical problems regarding pollution in the Black Sea. The results of this study show that the inadequate municipal discharge, lack of the treatment practices and poor wastewater infrastructure in Trabzon, Samsun, and Zonguldak provinces lead to eutrophication. NPS pollution is mostly due to agriculture and industry. The copper industry is the major industrial polluter in the region. Toxic chemical emission from industrial facilities is one of the leading environmental problems in the region.
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mass fractions were estimated in samples from two benthic species of fish, goby and sole, originating from Thermaikos Gulf in north Greece. The samples were analyzed using a well-established cold extraction method. The average total (Σ PBDE) ranged from 8.98 to 35.00 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw) and 12.36 to 163.26 ng g-1 lw for goby and sole, respectively. Significant differences were observed between samplings but not between the two species. Thermaikos Gulf was classified as low polluted or comparable with regard to similar areas worldwide; however, the notable mass fraction increase in some cases as well as the increasing temporal trend of PBDE levels established for both species signify the need for further monitoring. Congener profiles showed dominance of penta-/octa-BDEs (50-70% from Σ PBDEs) and the presence of deca-BDE as well (18-19%). Congener correlation analysis suggested different pollution sources between higher and lower brominated congeners, as well as different metabolic/degradation processes. Calculations of bioaccumulation factors (BSAF) highlighted the influence of congener bromination degree on the bioaccumulation potential
