Red mud is a waste material generated by the Bayer Process widely used to produce alumina from bauxite throughout the world. The aim of the project is to say the possibility of replacing the Portland cement by red mud. Because it negatively affects the environment. To solve this problem, Portland cement was replaced up to 20% red mud by weight of cement. And evaluating its compressive strength of red mud paver tiles. This project examines the effects of red mud on the properties of hardened paver tile. The test results show that how its compressive strength becomes equivalent to normal paver tile without red mud content, it is concluded that optimum percentage of the replacement of cement by weight is found to be. By this percentage replacement we can have 15%strength is equal to the strength of normal paver tile.
Background- Distal radius fracture is quite often found in emergency settings. There are many options to assess the outcome of treatment in distal radius fracture cases. One option that can be done is to measure the strength of the injured handgrip. Patient often complained about the decrease in ability to grasp and rotate and bear the burden after distal radius fracture. Objective-To find out the comparison of the hand grip strength in patients with distal radius fractures that are treated by closed reduction and casting to open reduction and internal fixation. Material and Methods-The study was conducted in a retrospective, observational analytic study with a cross sectional approach, which aimed to analyze the comparison of hand grip strength in patients with distal radius fractures that are treated by closed reduction and casting to open reduction and internal fixation12 months after treatment. Target population was all patients with distal radius fracture who underwent closed reduction and casting and open reduction and internal fixation in all inpatient at Adam Malik Hospital, Medan. Results- In this study the distribution of the number of samples was as many as 57 subjects with 17 are women (29.8%) and 40 are men (70.2%). 18 years old is the youngest age of the samples and the oldest is 76 years old with a mean of 32.77 ± 14.03 years. Based on the mechanism of injury : motor vehicle accidents is the most common mechanism of injury, it accounts 45 people (78.9%). According to time arrivals mostly patient came <24 hours. There are 11 extraarticular fractures ( 19.3%) and 46 intraarticular fractures (80.7%), there were 24 people (42.1%) fracture in the right hand and 33 people (57.9%) in the left hand. Statistical analysis shows that there is no difference in the ratio of hand grip strength with significance value of (p value) 0.881 (> 0.05). Conclusion- There were no significant differences in the clinical outcome of the patient's hand grip strength in patients that are treated with closed reduction and casting to open reduction intenal fixation after 12 months post theraphy.
Acid Hydrolysis of carboxylate ester with hydroxamate ions in micellar media has been discussed in our last research works. In this paper, we used all the obtained kinetic experimental data for correlation and explanation by modeling techniques. We know the different types of modeling techniques available and used in the current times. Michael menten one site total binding constant and one site fite Ki models apply for the explanation of kinetics data. The models were given a good explanation and correlation of these types of kinetic data.
Background:Malaria cases have consistently increased and the number of deaths remains largely unchanged.Malaria associated renal injury has a high level of morbidity and mortality. High level of blood urea nitrogen / BUN and plasma creatinine is one of the major factors associated with mortality in humans infected with malaria, indicating that impairment of renal function. HBO is widely used as an adjunctive therapy for many diseases, it is known that HBO hasan action as antiplasmodium, antiinflammation and antioxidant effects. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of HBO on BUN and creatinine levels in rats infected with P. berghei ANKA. Methods:This research was conducted experimentally post-test only control group on six groups of rats. The samples used were 24 male Rattus norvegicus wistar strain that have been infected by Plasmodium bergheiANKA and divided into 6 groups. Group 1 was given combination artesunate and 1, 5 ATA HBO, grup 2 was given combination artesunate and 3, 0 ATA HBO, group 3 was given 1, 5 ATA HBO, group 4 was given 3, 0 ATA HBO, group 5 was given artesunate and group 6 was given aquadest. HBO therapy is carried out for 10 days and the observation of the levels of BUN and creatinine in mice after treatment on tenth day. Results:Descriptive analysis and statistical analysis (Kruskal wallis snd Mann whitney U posthoc) showed a significant difference (p < α = 0.05) on mean levels of BUN and creatinine group receiving combination of artesunate and HBO 3,0 ATA compared to other groups.Hyperbaric oxygen has the effect of reducing the levels of BUN and creatinine in rats infected by P.berghei ANKA.
Solar selective materials and structure of solar thermal energy conversion systems plays a prominent role for the improvement of optical properties. In the present work simulations on multi-layered thin films have been conducted using code software with Mo and Was functional layer in combination with bond layer and protective layers of Si3N4 and Al2O3. The better combination is selected for optimization on thickness for absorption and reflection. To simplify experimentation, Taguchi‟s design of experiments approach was adopted to determine the optimum material layer combination.The results indicate for multi-layered thin films that combination of Al2O3-Mo-Al2O3 has better reflectance of 50.48% and combination Si3N4-W-Si3N4 has better absorptance of 74.81% upon optimization on thickness of bond layers, functional and protective layers. These results are discussed on main effect plots, contour plots and surface plots.
In this work, metal complexes of trimethoprim mixed metformin were synthesized and characterized by solubility studies, percentage metal analysis, UV-Vis spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. The IR spectra showedthat the trimethoprim coordinated as a monodentate ligand coordinating to the metal ions via the pyrimidine N(1), metformin acts as a bidentate ligand coordinating through the iminonitrogens. The infrared spectra bands at 450 cm-1 and 530 cm-1 is ascribed to M –N and M –O bond respectively indicating the formation of these complexes. The magnetic moment data showed that all the complexes were paramagnetic with values ranging from 1.39 to 6.0 B.M, except [Zn(TMP)(MET)(H2O)Cl2] which was diamagnetic. The conductivity results revealed that all the synthesised complexes were non-electrolytes, while the antibacterial studies of the mixed ligand complexes displayed moderate antimicrobial activity in comparison with the free ligands.
Quercetin, the most active bioflavonoid which is produced as a secondary metabolite by plants, is a polyphenol with a wide spectrum of bioactivities. This bioflavonoid is the ―nature‘s biological response modifier‖ as it interferes with the various allergens and other reactive compounds. Apple, oranges, tomatoes, onions, black tea and green tea are good sources of quercetin and it is also available commercially. After absorption in the small intestine and colon, quercetin conjugates with glucuronic acid and binds to albumin and passes to liver and benefits the body by its various bioactivities. Quercetin‘s antioxidant activity enhances the radical scavenging activity and metal chelation of the ions but the prooxidant activity depends on its high concentration. Further, quercetin interferes with the formation of leukotrienes from arachidonic acid showing its anti-inflammatory effect. A combined effect of quercetin and bromelain effectively suppresses the allergic reactions and the excessive inflammation resulting from bruising and tissue damage. The mutualistic effect of vitamin C and quercetin protects each other from getting oxidized. A direct relationship was also found to exist between quercetin's antiviral activity and enhancement of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which is a second messenger involved in many biological processes. Quercetin helps in down regulation of mutant gene p53 and inhibits the growth of cancerous cells by putting a check at G1 phase. This also controls the surpassing of the normal regulatory growth by the tumor cells and inhibits the production of heat shock proteins and thus showing its anticancer properties. Owing to the potential pharmaceutical properties of quercetin, the bioactivities, principle uses and mechanisms involved in the treatment of various diseases were reviewed in this paper. In addition, safety issues involved in the partake of quercetin by humans have also been discussed.
Major constraints in development of new product are poor aqueous solubility, stability and low oral bioavailability, low permeability. As majority of drugs marketed worldwide are administered by oral route and about 40% -50% of the new molecular entities were never invade into the market because of such biopharmaceutical issues.So issues related to poor physiochemical property of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) can be resolved using cocrystallization approach.Crystallization emerge as potential technique for enhancement of solubility of poorly aqueous soluble drugs also helps to improve physicochemical with preserving the pharmacological properties of the API . Cocrystals are solids that are crystalline single-phase materials composed of two or more different molecular and/or ionic compounds generally in a stoichiometric ratio which are neither solvates/hydrates nor simple salts. It is multicomponent system in which one component is API and another is called coformer. Coformer selection is the main challenging step during cocrystal synthesis , so various screening methods for the selection of coformers was explained . This article also summarizes differences between cocrystals with salts, solvates and hydrates along with the implications and limitations of cocrystals .It also provides a brief review on different methods of cocrystal formation and characterization techniuqes of cocrystals. Lastly this article highlights 85 synthetic and 14 herbal cocrystals along with its method of preparation and coformers used.
The problems faced by the various industries are high energy consumption which further increases the cost of production followed by reduced productivity and conversion, longer residence time, and pollution caused by industrial waste. Many researchers have found various alternative pathways to overcome these drawbacks. The same products were obtained in a better way by process intensification. Any process can be intensified either by introducing entirely a new process or by combing two or more conventional methods to form a new hybrid process e.greactive distillation, micro-reactors, etc. Due to an increase in population and less availability of land, reducing the chemical plant footprints is highly appreciable which is possible by process intensification. In this paper, we have reviewed the majority of the processes that have been intensified into a new process such as bioprocesses, extraction, distillation, leaching, Biofuels production, Desalination, etc.
Processing performance of hazardous wastes in Indonesia, mainly produced in mining, energy and mineral industries, is well below target. One suitable technique for processing such waste is bioremediation which utilize microorganism activities. Waste rice straw is one potential substrate which carries and supports the bioremediation microorganisms. Lignin in the straw provides nutrients for bacteria and fungi which enable the production of enzymes to degrade pollutants in the waste. Lignin can also increase interfacial surface tension between hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions in the waste mixture to facilitate their separation. The objective of this study is to model the kinetic of bioremediation which represent the relation between bioremediation period and reduction rate of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH). The model utilized characterization results of retentate from waste filtration in terms of water content and pH. The bioremediation process involved mixing of waste rice straw and processed liquid waste from a petroleum refinery plant at 1:20 (m/v) ratio for varied duration of 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days. Results showed that the formation rate of water (measured as moisture content in retentate) which indicate the reduction rate of TPH follows 1.2 order of reaction at rate constant of 0.594 day-1. Prediction of Michaelis-Menten model was also performed. The pH of retentate was 8, and organoleptic test observed the turning of color from turbid yellow into dark brown as well as the disappearance of petroleum oil smell, which demonstrated that the processed waste is safe for the environment.
Potentiometric titrations of phenothiazines derivatives were performed in methanolwater, ethanol-water, acetonitrile-water and dioxane-water mixtures with varying contents of organic solvent. All titrations were performed in aqua-organic medium at constant ionic strength (0.15 mol⋅dm−3) and at different temperatures (25 to 45 °C). The pKa were determined at different aqua-organic proportions. Effect of temperature and dielectric constant on dissociation constant has been compared. The pKa values were then obtained by Yasuda‐Shedlovsky extrapolation.
A microwave assisted green synthetic methodoloy was developed for the synthesis various substituted pyrrolidinones derivatives by the one-pot three component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, aniline with dialkylbut-2-ynedioate in the presence of p-TsOH in water medium. The compounds were screened for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against four bacterial organism and two fungal organisms, resulted moderate to good activity with compared to their standard drug.
A nonlinear optical unidirectional <101> Single crystal of Neodymium doped Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate (KDP) was grown by Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method. The <101> oriented seed crystals were mounted at the bottom of the glass ampoule and the crystal of 16mm diameter; 120mm length were grown by SR method. The laser damage threshold was measured using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) and was found to be 5.456 Gwcm-2 respectively.The presence of functional groups was examined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The surface morphology and dislocations along <101> plane was observed using Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM).
Scotinophara sp is a major pest that damages rice fields in Bolaang Mongondow. The use of insecticides failed to stop the rice black bugs attacks. Entomopathogenic fungi can be used to reduce rice black bugs population. However, the function of the type of fungus that can eradicate rice black bugs was not yet identified. This experimental research was conducted to identify the types of fungus that attack rice black bugs by taking samples of nymphs and imago attacked by entomopathogenic fungi in Bolaang Mongondow Regency. Sampling of rice black bugs was done 3 times. Koch’s postulates test was employed to see the fungus that infect the rice black bugs. Samples were isolated on PDA media (Patato dextrose agar). Entomopathogenic fungi were purified, then inoculated on healthy rice black bugs. Rice black bugs infected with fungi were isolated again on PDA media. In a mass, of fungus colonies showed reddish white field and after being isolated on PDA media of the colony agregate, entomopathogenic Paecilomyces sp. fungus and Fusarium sp were found. Fungi as pathogenic agent was only found in Paecilomyces sp. The rice black bugs (Scotinophara sp.) were isolated on culture media and inoculation in healthy Scotinophara sp showed the same color of the colony during sampling of Scotinophara sp. infected with fungus. Both fungi were scattered at the location of Scotinophara sp infected with fungi.
The aquatic plant kingdom is a treasure of potential bioactive compounds. Aquatic plants contain some organic compounds that provide definite physiological actions on the human body. In the present study deals with the synergistic effect of Trisodium citrate (TSC)on the inhibition efficiency of methanolic extract of Sargassum swartzii (SS) and Zn2+ system on mild steel in aqueous environment. The corrosion monitoring techniques adopted in the study were weight-loss methods, electrochemical measurements, FT-IR and surface morphological techniques namely SEM and EDX. It has proved the formulation consisting of 100 ppm of Zn2+, 120 ppm of SS and 100 ppm of TSC has 95.77% IE. The high performance of SS - Zn 2+- TSC system could be due to synergistic effect that covers a wide surface coverage area on the metal surface and thus retarding the corrosion. Polarization study reveals that this formulation functions as a mixed inhibitor. AC impedance spectra suggest the presence of protective film on the metal surface. FT-IR spectra reveals that the protective film consists of Fe2+-SS complex, Fe2+-TSC complex and Zn (OH)2. SEM and EDX provide a pictorial representation on the nature of surface film in the absence and presence of inhibitors. Thus, it concluded that Sargassum swartzii - Zn 2+- TSC inhibitor system acted as a good inhibitor in aqueous medium.
Fluoride is one of the few chemical contaminants in drinking water, even though; it is known as an essential chemical component in water due to its beneficial effect at a very low concentration. However, when present excessively in drinking water it has detrimental effects on human health in terms of the prevalence of dental caries, skeletal fluorosis and bone fractures. Endemic fluorosis, especially dental mottling and discoloration has been prevalent in many parts of Eritrea. However, no well-established study has been carried out to ascertain the fluoride content in the groundwater of the affected villages, except a couple of researches conducted to estimate fluoride level in drinking water of the villages around Keren and Elabered, where dental mottling and fluorosis is prevalent. According to the researches the fluoride level in the underground water was found to be higher than the maximum WHO limit of 1.5 mg/L. Butthe fluoride content of other places (villages) with endemic dental fluorosis has not been determined and documented, and therefore it is necessary to conduct this research in the affected areas to ascertain the fluoride level in the drinking water of the community and compare it with the WHO standards.
Now days, the waste rice husk from rice mill, marble powder from tile industry and fly ash from steam power plant are necessary to utilize as partial replacement of cement for concrete production. Large scale production of cement required consumption of raw materials and energy as well as emissions to air which posse’s environmental threat in various areas of country. Apart from the environmental threat, there still exists the problem of shortage in many areas. Therefore, substitute material for concrete needs to be considered. The paper aims to analyze the compressive strength of concrete cubes and flexural strength of concrete beams made from partially replaced cement, sand, and coarse aggregate. This research study adopted in laboratory on 48 total specimens of grade M25 concrete cubes of size 150x150x150mm and concrte beams of size 100x100x500mm were casted. Out of the 48 concrete specimens cast, 6 each were made out 10%, 20%, and 30 % replacement of fly ash, rice husk ash and marble powder to cement in concrete. It was found that the compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete made from the mixture of 20 % partially replaced cement, sand and coarse aggregate was similar than the concrete made from without replaced cement , sand and coarse aggregate.
Many aromatic amines are the toxic in nature and impact a harmful effect in the body. Conversion of such carcinogenic aromatic amines in to other non carcinogenic compound by the oxidation process through sodium meta periodate is a good attempt in this way. Spectrophotometric method have been used for achieve the optimum condition and the estimation of aromatic amines.
Drug repurposing is the process of finding the new uses of existing drugs. It is one of the emerging methods involved in selecting a molecule for diseases which are communicable and can spread in the general population at a faster pace. The method is selected over conventional drug discovery methods because it is a faster way to bring an existing molecule for a different disease. Ever since COVID-19 pandemic has emerged worldwide use of repurposed drugs has become an important toll to tackle this viral disease. This review is a study of the varous stargegies of drug reprposing for the treatment of COVID19.
The present hydrogeochemical study was confined to the Thoothukudi District in Tamilnadu, India.The groundwater quality near the salt-pans are polluted due to intensive pumping of fresh groundwater which has caused salt water to intrude into the fresh water aquifers. The major water quality parameters such as pH, Electrical conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Chloride and Sulphate etc. were analyzed.
