Two opposing trends shape contemporary understandings of science and technology. One is scientism, arguing that science is reasonable and characterized by a defense of science and the other, anti-scientism, strongly criticizing science and technology as harmful to the modern world. This article argues that both positions have limitations, and a stance of critical reconsideration (shendu) toward science should be adopted. Marx's analysis of science and technology offers rich insights, adopts a unique historical-practical perspective, and provides an important benchmark for this reconsideration. This article advocates a comprehensive framework of values that is both pluralistic and complementary to navigate a dynamic tension between objectivity and uniqueness, between universality and locality, between rationality and irrationality, and between instrumental rationality and value rationality. This pluralistic and open philosophy of science and technology aims to realize the unity of pursuing truth, aspiring to goodness, attaining beauty, and reaching sagacity through the interaction and integration between science and the humanities, including ethics, religion, art, and faith.
The investigation on when Shakespeare was introduced into China for the first time aims not only to identify the exact time when Shakespeare was first introduced into China, but more importantly, also to figure out the historical context in which Chinese and Western cultures met.It is conventionally held that the introduction of Shakespeare to China occurred in Guangzhou and Shanghai after the First Opium War.Yet, according to Harriett Low’s travel diary, Shakespeare’s plays were performed in Macao as early as late 1820s and early 1830s. This discovery not only shows that the introduction of Shakespeare’s plays to China predated the First Opium War, but also elevates Macao to a culturally prominent position in which the East and the West met.
As an integrated tool of governance, the instrumental rationality regarding infrastructure could weaken or strengthen the risks and challenges facing human society.The more infrastructure is taken for granted, the harder it is to anticipate and respond to its potentially negative effects.In a sense, practices regarding infrastructure have created an unequal order and an uncertain future, but according to the schemes of governance, modern governments still continue to build and use infrastructure.The limitation of human cognition, the instability of the tool effectiveness, and the contradictions in development and construction are the main causes of the defect of infrastructural instrumental rationality.The value rationality regarding infrastructure has its critical, normative, and political functions, caring for people’s development and spiritual goals in the process of creating and using things, and speaking for the builders and users of infrastructure.It is an important way to deal with the crisis of governance on infrastructure to promote the organic unity of instrumental rationality and rational rationality, and jointly to promote the return of value rationality on infrastructure from the aspects of thinking, idea, aesthetic, and managing skills.
In the narrative of political science and even the whole field of social science, the concept of legality appears frequently, mostly in an extremely general sense.In fact, legality is a useful concept only when a society embraces the spirit of law.It is the legalization of politics and all practices of social governance that puts forward the requirements of legality.In comparison, the concept of legitimacy rather than legality has extensive adaptability.Rationality is also a modern concept, and it mainly refers to formal rationality.Behaviors and actions in a risky society need to be judged by rationality, yet the trap of formal rationality should always be avoided.In a complex, uncertain, and risky society, rationality is no longer expressed as formal or substantive rationality, but is replaced by practical rationality.At the same time, legitimacy and rationality are incorporated into morality.
Is the concept of good life an ideal goal based on one’s belief or a radical agenda in practice? People under different modes of production and different conditions of productivity have different understandings.It seems that the essence of the concept of good life is universal.For instance, people believe that a good life means the elimination of poverty caused by material deprivation, overcoming relative poverty due to economic inequality, being able to obtain food, clothing, dignity, and freedom as general needs, and achieving a sustainable, complete development.Since the beginning of the 21st Century, three different understandings on the concept of good life have been formed in post-industrial Europe, Latin America, and China; they are universal basic income, shared society, and common prosperity, respectively.These three understandings favor a kind of complete development that goes beyond economic growth and emphasizes the people and ecology. Nevertheless, opportunities to achieve a good life vary because their due institutional environments, developmental concepts and choices, their governmental roles and capabilities are different.The pursuit of a good life is a good wish of common people, it is also the goal and mission of a government.The development focusing on the people and the fulfillment of the ethical and governing responsibilities of the government are the main paths to achieve a good life.
Based on the embeddedness theory, this article embeds individual economic behavior of elders in a family relationship to construct a theoretical mechanism of multigenerational households, intergenerational relationship, and elderly labor supply.Then it applies the “China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study” data, IV Probit model, fixed effects model, and propensity score matching method to test this mechanism.The results show that multigenerational households would significantly increase elderly labor supply.Furthermore, the effects of different patterns of living arrangement on elderly labor supply are discrepant.When the elders live with their financially independent children, the effect on their labor supply is strongest.Intergenerational relationship plays a mediating role in multigenerational households and elderly labor supply.Intergenerational financial and emotional support positively impact elderly labor supply, while intergenerational care support negatively affects it.
Judge should rely on the factors measuring the public interest, which are established by the news and public opinion norms of the Civil Code, to determine the liability for defaming one’s character with news.This requires a judge to use the principle of proportionality as the operational framework to review the public interest and reasonableness of the act.The factor of the purpose“for the public interest”conveys the core value of legal regulation of news and public opinion.The public interest is concretized by incorporating the value system of law and the behavioral and professional norms of news and public opinion.In other words, the public interests stipulated by the legal system, the consensus of judicial practice, and the behavioral and professional norms of news and public opinion are transferred into the process measuring the public interest.The review of the public interest includes the judgment of legitimacy and purposiveness.An action that cannot pass the review of the public interest cannot be included in the norms of news and public opinion.The review of reasonableness includes judgment of necessity and proportionality.The more the content is for the public interest, the lower obligation the maker of news and public opinion will take in this regard.
Since Jenner’s invention of the smallpox vaccine at the end of the 18th century, vaccination has gradually become the most important method of preventing epidemics in England.The anti-vaccination movement appeared contemporaneously with the introduction of vaccines.This movement developed to a national scale in the later 19th Century when compulsory vaccination laws were passed.The anti-vaccination campaign embodied the interaction of several factors including the competition between the state and the individual for controlling the body, class factors, concerns about the underdeveloped medical technology of the time, as well as such questions as religion and morality.The anti-vaccination movement in England was the largest of this sort in Europe, reflecting many aspects of English society, especially the difficulties in improving human health.This movement is still inspiring nowadays for us to consider vaccination of our own time.
In traditional discourses, the Book of Songs and the Songs of Chu were considered as different phases of the same tradition.Liu Shipei’s Nanbei Wenxue Butong Lun,or On Literary Differences between the North and the South,points out the literary differences between the north and the south from the perspective of geographical determinism, and the Book of Songs and the Songs of Chu are thus understood as two different local traditions.This change reflects the transformation of the China as a civilization to the China as a nation-state.The Book of Songs and the Songs of Chu inspire people’s rethinking of the multi-dimensional nature of Chinese literature for the diverse local characteristics they represent.Be that as it may, Liu Shipei considers the northern tradition as the origin of Chinese civilization and the reason beyond such recognition is worth exploring.
Since the inception of the Belt and Road Initiative（BRI）, it has been aimed at constructing a community of shared future for mankind as its highest goal.This article examines the positive effects of the BRI on the participating countries from the perspective of trade network.This article uses the HS 6-digit product export data of the CEPII-BACI database from 2009 to 2018, which constructs the trade network without China at the product level and measures the PageRank centrality reflecting the position of a country in the trade network.Then we adopt a difference-in-differences（DID）method to examine the impact of the BRI on the trade network of the participating countries.Our main findings are as follows: First, BRI has significantly deepened the trade networks of countries along the route.The PageRank centrality of these countries has increased by 2.7%～12.9%; Second, the heterogeneous effect analysis suggests that geographically, trade network along the Maritime Silk Road is strongly promoted; Third, the results of the triple difference model shows that the trade networks of BRI countries trading the key products have received a stronger promotion.And those BRI countries of the Chinese community within global trade network or the Singapore community within BRI countries trade network have better development in trade network; Fourth, the positive effect of the BRI can be explained through six aspects: policy coordination, facilities connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, people-to-people bonds, and industry-chain cooperation.
The connection of normativity and meaning has become one of the major issues widely debated both in contemporary analytic and phenomenological philosophies in the past decades.In the Phénoménologie de la perception, Merleau-Ponty not only characterizes the normative nature of pre-objective meaning in terms of the “world’s style, ” but also grounds the ultimate source of such normativity in his innovative conception of an embodied transcendental subjectivity.This article aims to make clear to what extent an embodied transcendental subjectivity can fundamentally ground the normativity of the primordial meaning of the world.To this end, this article argumentatively analyzes Merleau-Ponty’s notion of concrete practical self-consciousness with respect to its inner structure of consciousness.It shows that Merleau-Ponty’s concrete practical self-consciousness involves a self-affirmation of the freedom of life, on the one hand, and that, for the possibility of self-consciousness, such infinite self-transcendence of free life must be brought into consciousness in a determinate manner, on the other.The “world’s style” is then explicated as a necessary and constitutive condition for the possibility of the concrete practical self-consciousness.This article finally argues that, as the ultimate transcendental source of primordial normativity, Merleau-Ponty’s transcendental subjectivity is not meant to be an author of but meant to be a response to the normativity of the world.
This paper investigates the impact of industrial robots on prefecture-level employment in China from 2009 to 2017 based on the data reflecting the differences in prefecture-level industrial structure before and after being affected by the use of robots. The data show that by and large the use of industrial robots helped increase employment from 2009 to 2017. Yet, following the further development of technology, the labor displacement effect caused by the use of robots increased yearly and dominated prefecture-level employment since 2013. In the meantime, the use of robots had significantly increased the employment in manufacturing-related services. This study also finds that the use of industrial robots affected the employment of different groups in different degrees, yet male and undereducated workers suffered more.
The discovery of the“Mingxun”in the Tsinghua University collection of Warring States bamboo manuscripts, which makes the first three chapters of Yi Zhou Shu, i.e., the“Duxun, ”the“Mingxun, ”and the“Changxun”attract people’s attention again, provides important materials for the understanding of the changes of Confucian thinking from Confucius’ s to Xunzi’s times.The Yi Zhou Shu was compiled by Zixia’s disciples, reflecting Confucius’ s thought focusing on the external.Since Xunzi experienced the transformation from the thinking of god-heaven to that of principle-heaven, Xunzi’s theory on the mandate of heaven is quite different from what is stated in the three chapters of the Yi Zhou Shu, yet his argument on law and human nature are affected by the three chapters, and the two remain consistent in terms of their both focusing on the construction of ritual and institution, an aspect representing the Confucian thinking regarding the External King.In order to fully understand the Confucian teaching in its pre-Qin context, it is necessary also pay attention to the development of the Confucian thinking from Confucius to Zixia, Zigong, and Xunzi instead of merely concentrating on that from Confucius to Zengzi, Zisi, and Mencius.
铜镜是汉代一种新型文本载体,多被学界视为应用文而未将其纳入文学研究视野,其实汉镜铭文中的"骚体文"是汉代文学文本的重要补充.本文通过对产生流布于西汉早期至东汉早期最具代表性的"昭明""精白""姚皎光""君忘忘"等类铭文的重新释读,认为其主题并非寓指贤士不遇或男女爱情,而是在继承楚骚"忠贞"精神基础上,发展为对"忠信思想"和"高洁品格"的称扬,开辟了西汉文人骚体辞赋内容之外的新领域.骚体镜铭在抒情方式和修辞手法上也承袭并适当拓展了楚骚传统,表现出器物铭文的独特风貌.统治者对楚文化的偏好及国人对其正统性的高度认同、藩国开放的文化环境、社会道德的价值取向、制镜审美风向的转变等因素共同催生了骚体镜铭的出现及广泛传播.
The blockchain technical architecture determines that only the holder of the private digital key can rewrite the semantic information on a specific account.The view that blockchain digital assets are included or analogously applied to real rights ignores the features that semantic information is not specific, cannot be directly controlled, and is not completely exclusive.The general provisions on property rights in the Civil Code go beyond the dichotomous system of real rights and a creditor’s rights.The discussion of new property should abandon the path of“materialization”and adopt the general theory of property rights.The structural element of property right is exclusivity, that is, without the consent of the right holder, others shall not enjoy the property of the right holder.The exclusivity of property right is realized through the combination of the physical boundary of external object and the code of conduct involving external object.Even without the specific provisions, the blockchain technical architecture can serve as a physical boundary, giving holders exclusive rights to on-chain digital assets, such as bitcoin and NFTS.However, the holder does not have an exclusive right to an NFT-mapped off-chain digital work.
(一) 中国的文字改革工作,是在中共中央和毛主席关于文字改革的下述方针的指导之下进行的,即汉字必须改革,汉字改革要走世界文字共同的拼音方向,而在实现拼音化以前,必须简化汉字,以利目前的应用,同时积极进行拼音化的各项准备工作.
重大工程作为重大共性关键技术突破的重要平台,是大中小企业实现融通创新的有效载体.本文聚焦世界级难度的螺山长江大跨越特高压工程,采用案例研究方法,对依托重大工程实现大中小企业融通创新的路径及机制进行分析,研究发现:(1)依托重大工程实现融通创新的过程分为学习、应用、扩散三个阶段,并分别达成"合作结构建立—协同创新突破—价值溢出实现"三个目标;(2)在学习阶段,业主主导、中小企业被动跟随,通过技术要素集成、管理经验共享、建设运营共同体凝聚等方式建立合作结构;(3)在应用阶段,业主带领、中小企业主动创新,通过科研工程闭环、有组织技术创新以及"问题—检验—完善"等方式协同取得技术突破;(4)在扩散阶段,大中小企业共同配合,通过隐性管理知识外显传承、技术人才梯队协同培育以及前瞻产业技术布局等方式实现价值溢出.
通过数字化转型实现零售业全要素生产率的提升,是数字经济时代中国流通业高质量发展的内在要求.不同零售企业因面临的约束条件不同,存在不同的数字化转型策略选择.本文基于数字化转型深度和数字化转型广度的不同选择,将企业数字化转型策略分为三种类型,并利用2010-2020年中国上市零售企业的数据,检验了不同策略类型下数字化转型对全要素生产率的影响.研究发现:总体上我国零售企业应选择兼顾数字化转型深度和广度;不同所有制类型的企业应选择不同的数字化转型策略,国有零售企业更应发挥资源禀赋优势,优先选择在不同部门和领域进行全面的数字化转型布局,非国有零售企业则更应优先选择在某一领域进行深度的数字化转型布局,以形成核心竞争力.
In today’s international relations undergirded by cooperative politics and deepening interdependence, the national cultural soft power weighs more than ever.As informationalism, humanism, welfarism, and globalism gain their momentum in the 21st century, the challenges of human rights facing the national cultural soft power are big, and the construction of soft power centering on human rights in China is also confronted with cultural difficulties both at home and abroad. Based on the bipolar-pluralist framework of competition of the global human rights soft power, the cultural strategic resources for the construction of human rights soft power in China include four forms: human rights ideologies, human rights rationalities, human rights theories, and human rights mentalities.As the cause of China’s human rights enters its new journey, the cultural strategic paths for the construction of Chinese human rights soft power can be integrally planned in five spheres: strategies for cultural security, cultural innovation, cultural cultivation, cultural diplomacy, and cultural communication on human rights.With the growing anti-globalization trend in the field of human rights, instrumentalism is a major threat to the healthy development of global soft power on human rights.
本文结合社会学经典与前沿文献,采取文化社会学的视角,将分类作为综合性理论框架的核心基础,把赋值、量化、通约、评估和排名等过程纳入分类这一总体框架中,试图建立综合性的分类理论.本文结合当前我国社会现实进行讨论,分别阐述了上述过程及其之间的相互关系,力图为文化社会学这一重要领域的本土化发展创造条件.
