This study aims to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on the expression profile of intestinal stem cells(ISCs)and their differentiated cells in the intestine of mice,as well as to screen for key genes.The Seurat package was used to perform cluster analysis and differential expression analysis on a single-cell sequencing dataset(GSE165318)to identify differentially expressed genes in each cell type.The TCseq package analyzed the expression trend over time.Key genes were identified by intersecting up-regulated genes with specific trend gene clusters across the five cell types.The clusterProfiler package and STRING database were used for gene ontology(GO)enrichment analysis and PPI network analysis of key genes.A mouse model of radiation-induced intestinal injury(RIII)was established via abdominal irradiation with 12 Gy of 60Co γ-rays.Intestinal tissues were collected at 0,3,and 7 days post-irradiation in control and treatment groups.Key genes were verified using real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR).The results showed that twelve intestinal cell types were identified,and the key gene Mmp8 was found in ISCs and their differentiated cells.Additionally,the expression of 15 Mmp family members peaked on the 3rd day after irradiation,with heterogeneous expression across different cell types.PPI network analysis revealed that Mmp3,Mmp7,Mmp8,Mmp9,and Mmp11 are central in the regulatory network.The differential expression of Mmp8,Mmp9,Mmp13,Mmp19,and Mmp25 was validated by RT-qPCR.The Mmp family plays an important role in the process of intestinal injury caused by gamma rays and its repair,and Mmp8,Mmp9,Mmp13,Mmp19 and Mmp25 may be potential therapeutic targets for intestinal radiation injury.
With the advancement of nuclear engineering applications,increasingly stringent requirements have been imposed on the performance of neutron-absorbing materials.This article systematically reviews recent research progress in neutron-absorbing materials for nuclear facilities,with a focus on the design,performance optimization,and engineering applications of boron-containing metal-matrix composites(MMCs)and ceramic-matrix composites(CMCs),while briefly introducing other neutron absorbers.Boron-containing metallic materials,such as boron steels and boron-aluminum alloys,exhibit favorable processability and mechanical strength but suffer from challenges including boron segregation and irradiation-induced embrittlement.These limitations can be significantly mitigated through microalloying and optimized thermo-mechanical processing.In contrast,ceramic-based materials,particularly boron carbide(B4C),demonstrate exceptional neutron absorption capacity and thermal stability.However,their intrinsic brittleness and irradiation-induced amorphization necessitate strategies such as incorporating a toughening phase and engineering interfaces.Additionally,novel design of materials,including high-entropy alloys,offer promising pathways for enhancing irradiation resistance and multifunctional integration.Despite these advances,critical challenges persist,including the efficiency of fast neutron absorption,mechanical properties,long-term irradiation stability,and the development of precision manufacturing techniques.Future research directions encompass the optimization of multicomponent composite systems,artificial intelligence-assisted material design,and the integration of advanced fabrication technologies.This review aims to provide theoretical insights for the safe and efficient utilization of nuclear energy while fostering continued innovation in neutron-absorbing material technologies.
This study aims to prepare plastic scintillating fibers(PSF)with excellent radiation dose response and radiation stability,as well as novel scintillating fiber arrays with outstanding X-ray imaging performance and multifunctional characteristics.Rare earth complexes and organic compounds were used as dopants,and the Teflon method was adopted to prepare red,green,and blue plastic scintillating fibers(marked as PSF-R,PSF-G,and PSF-B,respectively).By regulating the arrangement and geometric structure of the three-color plastic scintillating fibers,various types of plastic scintillating fiber arrays were prepared.PSF-R,PSF-G,and PSF-B all exhibit excellent radiation response characteristics,with dose detection limits of 0.555 μGy/s,2.775 μGy/s,and 2.22 μGy/s,respectively—all of which are lower than the standard dose for X-ray diagnosis(5.5 μGy/s).The prepared fiber arrays can effectively perform X-ray imaging on millimeter-scale objects.The plastic scintillating fibers and fiber arrays prepared in this study have significant application potential in the field of low-dose X-ray detection and imaging.
This study employs a γ-radiation-induced synthesis method to prepare zinc oxide(ZnO)and metal-doped ZnO(M-ZnO,M=Mg/Li/Al/Ga/Ni/Fe)nanomaterials for enhancing the performance of electron transport layers(ETLs)in optoelectronic devices.Using a 60Co irradiation facility(dose rate:6.25 kGy/h),precursor solutions were irradiated at doses of 40-200 kGy to achieve low-temperature,high-efficiency crystallization.X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope characterization revealed that a 150 kGy dose optimized ZnO grain size and crystallinity,forming rod-like structures,with UV-vis absorption spectra indicating a bandgap of 3.03 eV.Doping experiments demonstrated that Ni/Al/Ga enhanced fluorescence intensity(400-450 nm),while Fe/Li doping significantly reduced current density in single-layer ETL devices(J-V curve tests)while maintaining>70%visible-light transmittance.Compared to traditional sol-gel methods,γ-irradiated ZnO exhibited a lower bandgap(2.90-3.19 eV)without high-temperature treatment.Device performance validation confirmed that Fe/Li-doped ZnO effectively balanced carrier transport and defect suppression,offering a green synthesis strategy for ETL design in quantum dot light-emitting diodes(QLEDs)and perovskite solar cells.
The rapid advancement of the global automotive industry has heightened concerns regarding electromagnetic safety issues induced by lightning electromagnetic pulses(LEMP).This study utilizes COMSOL Multiphysics finite element simulation software to develop a numerical model that incorporates lightning channels,a driver,and a car,with a specific focus on electromagnetic exposure levels at varying distances.The results show that when the distance(ds)from the lightning strike origin point to the car is 11.8 m,the peak magnetic flux density(B)and induced electric field(E)in the driver's body reach 16.3 mT and 0.329 V/m,respectively,representing 60.37%and 48.74%of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection(ICNIRP)public exposure limits.In the midsagittal plane of head tissues,peak B and E values measure 14.8 mT and 0.431 V/m,corresponding to 54.81%and 63.87%of ICNIRP limits.Compared to metallic materials(steel and aluminum alloy),non-metallic materials(carbon fiber)exhibit higher magnetic field permeability,with aluminum alloy shells demonstrating superior transient magnetic field shielding effectiveness versus steel shells.The distance(ds)significantly influences electromagnetic dosage:increased distance from the lightning channel radiation source yields greater safety margins for B in head tissues,with 8 m identified as the critical safety distance.Optimal material selection proves crucial for mitigating driver electromagnetic exposure,and maintaining safe distances under LEMP conditions prevents health risks to drivers.These findings provide theoretical foundations for car electromagnetic protection design.
To establish and compare the dose-effect curves of human lymphocyte micronucleus induced by 60Co γ rays at two dose rates.Blood samples in vitro were irradiated with 60Co γ rays at dose rates of 0.318 9 Gy/min and 0.635 0 Gy/min,with absorbed doses of 0 Gy,0.25 Gy,0.50 Gy,0.75 Gy,1 Gy,2 Gy,3 Gy,4 Gy,and 5 Gy.Lymphocyte cultures were performed using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus(CBMN)method.Then the micronucleus(MN)rate and micronucleus cell(MN cell)rate were analyzed and calculated to fit the dose-effect curve.The results showed that under both dose rates,the MN rates increased with increasing absorbed dose,and the fitted dose-effect curves conformed to the quadratic polynomial model.The increase in the MN rate with the absorbed dose at the dose rate of 0.635 0 Gy/min was greater than that at 0.318 9 Gy/min.The results above indicate that the micronuclear dose-effect curves at two dose rates were successfully established,providing technical support and a theoretical basis for more accurate biological dose estimation and study on the biological effects.
During the operation of nuclear power plants,various radiation source terms are generated,primarily fission products and activated corrosion products,which significantly influence the radiation field within the plant.After controlling 58Co and 60Co,110mAg has emerged as the primary contributor to the radiation field following the shutdown of certain nuclear power plants.As a high-radiation nuclide,110mAg plays a significant role in the radiation field,accounting for 10%-15%of the collective dose.This paper analyzes the radiation impact and morphological changes of 110mAg.By examining its variation trend of 110mAg during the shutdown period of water-water high-energy reactor(VVER)-type units,concluded that the morphology of 110mAg began to transform into an ionic state and is released in large quantities after nitrogen purging and unsealing of the primary circuit.At this stage,a new purification process was proposed and implemented.This process does not rely on the operation of the main pump but instead integrates multiple auxiliary systems to effectively control the 110mAg source term,significantly reducing its impact.Consequently,the purification efficiency of 110mAg in the primary circuit reached 91.6%,the reactor building's radiation index decreased by 40%-60%,and the collective dose during major overhauls was reduced by approximately 50 man·mSv.These findings offer a valuable reference for similar nuclear units.
This study proposes a new synthesis process for 18F-AlF-NOTA-octreotide based on digital microfluidic chip technology.Through electrowetting on dielectric(EWOD)technology,parallel multi-channel synthesis was achieved on the microfluidic chip,effectively addressing issues such as technical complexity,high costs,low production efficiency,and concerns related to safety and environmental protection in conventional synthesis methods.Under the optimized reaction conditions(reaction temperature of 120 ℃,reaction time of 5 min,precursor concentration of 0.2 mg/mL),the highest radiochemical yield reached 24.85%,and the radiochemical purity of the product was greater than 99.0%.This method significantly reduced initial equipment investment(by 50%-60%)and the cost per synthesis(by 71%-72%),while also shortening the synthesis time to 15-20 min and reducing radioactive waste generation.This process offers an efficient,low-cost,and environmentally friendly new strategy for the synthesis of clinical PET tracers.
In this study,the effects of desalination,irradiation,and organic-acid catalysis on the hydrothermal preparation of xylo-oligosaccharides from the byproducts of Yuanjiang Miscanthus lutarioriparius shoot shells were investigated.The conversion rate of xylo-oligosaccharides was used as an evaluation index,thrice soaked desalination of Yuanjiang Miscanthus lutarioriparius shoot shell were used as materials,and the acetic-acid concentration(v/v),absorbed dose,hydrothermal temperature,and time were selected as influencing factors.A four-factor,three-level orthogonal experiment was performed to optimize the preparation process of xylo-oligosaccharides.The results showed that the salt content reduced to 1.48%,whereas the xylan content increased to 17.34%after soaked desalinization thrice of Yuanjiang Miscanthus lutarioriparius shoot shells.The conversion rate of xylo-oligosaccharides reached 55.18%after hydrothermal treatment at 180℃for 30 min.The optimum conditions for preparing xylo-oligosaccharides were as follows:acetic-acid concentration,0.2%(v/v);absorbed dose,200 kGy;hydrothermal treatment temperature and time,160℃/30 min.Under these conditions,the conversion rate and mass concentration of xylo-oligosaccharides were 65.88%and 11.53 g/L,respectively.
2,9-Diamide-1,10-phenanthroline(DAPhen)exhibits excellent capability of group separation for actinides.Elucidating the radiolysis mechanism of DAPhen is of great significance for its structural optimization and practical application.The radiolysis mechanisms of three kinds of DAPhen in 1-octanol were studied by pulse radiolysis,of which the results demonstrated that reductive degradation predominated the DAPhen radiolysis in 1-octanol.DAPhen had high reactivities with both solvated electrons(esol-)and α-hydroxyoctyl radicals.Rate constants between esol-and N,N'-dioctyl-N,N'-dioctyl-2,9-diamide-1,10-phenanthroline(OOD),N,N'-diethyl-N,N'-diethyl-2,9-diamide-1,10-phenanthroline(EED)and N,N'-diethyl-N,N'-ditolyl-2,9-diamide-1,10-phenanthroline(ETD)were approximately 2.3×109 L/(mol·s),1.9×109 L/(mol·s),and 1.5×109 L/(mol·s),respectively.Those of α-hydroxyoctyl radicals with OOD,EED and ETD were about 2.1×108 L/(mol·s),1.1×108 L/(mol·s),and 2.7×108 L/(mol·s),respectively.Solvated electrons and α-hydroxyoctyl radicals were the primary reductive species inducing DAPhen radiolysis.Further studies showed that in N2O saturated 1-octanol equilibrated by HNO3,reductive species could be synergistically scavenged by N2O and HNO3.This work revealed the elementary reactions of DAPhen radiolysis and proposed a universal strategy to enhance radiation stability of DAPhen through suppressing elementary reactions.These findings provide a theoretical foundation for developing practical protection strategies for DAPhen in spent nuclear fuel reprocessing.
Organic-inorganic hybrid materials overcome the limitations of single materials via the synergistic effect of organic and inorganic constituents,achieving high performance and multi-functionality.However,there are still challenges during preparation of organic-inorganic hybrid materials,such as non-uniform distribution of components,reduced porosity,and poor interfacial compatibility.Radiation-induced synthesis provides an effective way to address these challenges by tuning energy transfer and reaction pathways.This review summarizes recent advancements in radiation-induced synthesis techniques for organic-inorganic hybrid materials.The direct method employs radiation sources(e.g.,γ-rays and electron beams)to generate reactive species(radicals and ions),facilitating the recombination of chemical bonds and allowing rapid synthesis under ambient conditions.Representative examples include the eco-friendly synthesis of Ag/PVA hybrid hydrogels and the enhancement of the photocatalytic performance by ZIF-8@ZnO heterostructures.The indirect method introduce functional groups(e.g.,carboxyl and amino groups)onto organic substrates by radiation grafting,promoting in situ growth of inorganic components and solving the problem of interfacial compatibility,as demonstrated in metal-organic framework(MOF)-immobilized nylon fabrics and(222)-oriented NH₂-ZIF-8@HF gas separation membranes.Hybrid materials prepared by radiation induced method exhibit exceptional performance across diverse fields,including catalysis(e.g.,the degradation rate of nitroaromatics has been enhanced by nearly 100-fold),separation(oil-water separation flux reaches 16.6 L/(m2·h·kPa)),electrochemistry(the durability of flexible sensors has been improved),and mechanical properties(the strength of CNT composites has been enhanced to 1.89 GPa/(g·cm-3)).This technique provides new ideas for the design and large-scale preparation of high-performance hybrid materials.
This paper studies China's standard system for irradiated foods and its detection guidance protocols.Through analyzing China's standard system for irradiated foods,the standard system for detection methods,and related research trends,and considering the principles,advantages,and disadvantages of detection methods,this study conducts research on the detection guidance specifications based on the matching of food matrix characteristics and identification methods for the eight major categories of food allowed for irradiation in China.This research identifies some problems in China's irradiated food standard system,including insufficient alignment with international standards and absence of regulatory provisions for emerging food categories.To address these shortcomings,the paper proposes rationalized recommendations for improving China's irradiated food standards.Key proposals include supplementing missing testing standards,optimizing inspection procedures,and updating parameters for instrumentation.By employing scientifically and appropriate methodological selection and application,the accuracy and efficiency of irradiated food identification can be effectively enhanced.This provides robust support for regulating the irradiated food market and safeguarding consumer rights to information in China.
With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology,the pace of research,development,and iteration in devices and sensors has significantly accelerated.Accordingly,the market demand for flexible circuits has become increasingly diversified,emphasizing the need for shorter preparation cycles and expanding the requirement for small-batch,customized flexible circuits.This study proposes a novel method for fabricating flexible circuits based on ultraviolet(UV)curing technology.Specifically,circuit patterns were successfully constructed on flexible film and fabric substrates through directed UV curing,and flexible circuits were fabricated using Ag/Fe₃O₄-catalyzed electroless copper plating to address these challenges.This method operates under mild conditions(45℃),without the need for high-temperature sintering or complex equipment.Experimental results demonstrate that the flexible circuits on both substrates exhibit excellent conductivity,mechanical durability,and environmental stability.The film-based flexible circuits showed a resistance change of≤14.6%after 5 000 rubbing cycles,while the fabric-based circuits exhibited a 17.6%change after 2 000 cycles.The proposed approach also offers reparability and compatibility with heat-sensitive substrates,providing a new strategy for low-cost and efficient manufacturing of flexible circuits.
To investigate the dosimetric characteristics of the M6 CyberKnife multileaf collimator(MLC)and fixed collimator(FC)in pancreatic cancer treatment plans,a retrospective analysis was conducted on 44 patients treated with the CyberKnife at the First Hospital of Hebei Medical University from May 2021 to April 2023,with both MLC and FC plans being created for comparison.The evaluation focused on several parameters,including target coverage,conformity index(CI),new conformity index(nCI),treatment time,and monitor units(MU).In the small volume group(≤60 cm3),the MLC plan demonstrated significant advantages over the FC plan in treatment time and MU.Within the large volume group(>60 cm3),the FC plan showed remarkable superiority in target coverage((90.43±5.07)%vs.(87.59±6.14)%,p<0.001).Its CI(1.09±0.03 vs.1.23±0.13)and nCI(1.21±0.07 vs.1.41±0.16,p<0.05)were also better than the MLC plan.Nevertheless,the MLC plan still outperformed the FC plan in treatment time and MU.After activating the Timereduce function,the MLC plan's coverage increased significantly.However,in the large volume group,the FC plan continued to maintain better CI(1.10±0.07)and nCI(1.29±0.12,p>0.05).In clinical practice,the choice of collimator type should be based on target volume,patient tolerance,and treatment requirements.For small pancreatic cancer targets,the MLC plan is more efficient in terms of treatment time and MU.For larger targets,while the FC plan offers better coverage and conformity,it requires longer treatment times.
As a crucial and frequently utilized modality in cancer treatment,the efficacy of radiotherapy is often limited by both the intrinsic radioresistance of tumor cells and radiation-induced damage to healthy tissues.In recent years,small-molecule radiosensitizers for radiotherapy have become an increasingly popular research focus,owing to their distinct advantages,including low molecular weight,highly controllable synthesis,and precise targeting capabilities.This article aims to systematically review the classification and current research status of small-molecule radiosensitizers,with a focus on elucidating the mechanisms of action and latest research progress of different types of small-molecule radiosensitizers,including DNA damage repair inhibitors,hypoxia-targeting agents,reactive oxygen species modulators,and epigenetic regulators.These small-molecule radiosensitizers effectively enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells by precisely intervening in their biological processes,thereby significantly improving the efficacy of radiotherapy.With a deeper understanding of tumor resistance mechanisms and oxidative stress,small-molecule radiosensitizers show broad application prospects in reducing radiotherapy-related side effects and increasing selectivity for specific tumor cells and are expected to bring breakthroughs to the field of cancer radiotherapy.
With the continuous advancement of third-generation nuclear power technology,the application scenarios of small nuclear reactor platforms are expanding beyond coastal nuclear power plants.This paper designs an automatic radiological monitoring system for marine island scenarios to meet the radiation monitoring needs of nuclear power facilities in specialized application environments.The system aims to expand the scope of environmental radiation monitoring and enhance relevant standards.A typical island in the northern South China Sea was selected as the application scenario,and its meteorological and climatic conditions,as well as pollutant dispersion simulation results,were analyzed.Based on this analysis and drawing from the experience of terrestrial nuclear power environmental radiation monitoring systems,the design of the system includes components such as anti-rolling automatic weather stations,gamma monitoring station networks,unmanned mobile data acquisition systems,data communication networks,and environmental monitoring central stations.The system also utilizes domestic environmental dose detectors and microcontroller unit data acquisition systems,and the entire set of application software was developed independently.Continuous operation tests were conducted in a coastal area in South China.After 198 days of continuous operation,the system demonstrated stable performance with a data acquisition rate exceeding 99%.The monthly average of the 60-second average dose rate was around 100 nGy/h,consistent with normal background radiation levels.The meteorological data showed consistent trends when compared with the local meteorological bureau's standard weather station,proving to be reliable and stable.The test results demonstrate that the system can meet the radiation monitoring needs of nuclear power facilities in island environments and is stable,reliable,and suitable for specialized maritime environments.
Silicone rubber is widely used in radiation environments,such as the nuclear industry and aerospace,due to its excellent properties.However,irradiation can cause performance degradation.This study proposes the introduction of coumarin-based profluorescent nitroxide radicals(PC343)into silicone rubber to achieve both radiation aging protection and sensitive monitoring.PC343 was uniformly introduced into silicone rubber(SR-P)via a swelling method.Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed that PC343 reacts with radiation-generated free radicals in silicone rubber,demonstrating free radical scavenging ability.Gas-phase infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that PC343 could reduce the production of alkane gases(the alkane yield of SR-P irradiated at a dose of 1 kGy was approximately 40%lower than that of pure silicone rubber),indicating its radiation protection effect.Fluorescence spectra revealed that PC343 regained strong fluorescence characteristics through radical capture.The fluorescence intensity of SR-P increased with the increasing dose after irradiation,and the aging behavior from 500 Gy to 5 kGy could be sensitively characterized.The experiments demonstrated that the introduction of PC343 simultaneously achieves dynamic protection against irradiation aging and real-time monitoring in silicone rubber.This strategy provides a novel approach for improving the service reliability of silicone rubber in radiation environments.
The aim is to evaluate the effect of lncR-TUG1 in myocardial fibroblasts and primary cilia on X-ray induced myocardial damage.Wistar rats were subjected to a single dose of 8 Gy whole-body irradiation,and were euthanized by cervical dislocation.HE and Masson staining were performed.Myocardial fibroblasts were isolated by double enzyme digestion and differential adhesion methods.shRNA targeted lncR-TUG1 and IFT88 were transfected into myocardial fibroblasts in the X-ray group.Immunofluorescence was used to detect primary cilia in myocardial tissue and myocardial fibroblasts.qPCR and western blot were used to detect the relative gene and protein levels of lncR-TUG1,IFT88,TGFβ1,and Col1α,respectively.The results showed that compared with the control group,X-ray radiation stimulated the expression of lncR-TUG1,primary ciliary assembly,inflammatory infiltration,and collagen deposition in rat myocardial tissue.X-ray radiation increased the expression of lncR-TUG1 and primary ciliary assembly in myocardial fibroblasts.After silencing lncR-TUG1,the assembly of primary cilia in cardiac fibroblasts decreased(p<0.01).After silencing IFT88,the secretion of TGFβ1 and Col1α in cardiac fibroblasts decreased(p<0.05).X-ray radiation induced the expression of lncR-TUG1 in myocardial fibroblasts,lncR-TUG1 drove the assembly of primary cilia,and promoted X-ray induced myocardial fibrosis.
The effects of three types of free radical scavengers such as N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine(44PD),tert-butylhydroquinone(TBHQ)and diisopropyl xanthate disulfide(DIP)on the structural evolution and properties changes of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers(EVA)under γ-ray irradiation were investigated.Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)results showed that the free radical scavengers could inhibit the cleavage of polyethylene chain segments in EVA at higher absorbed doses.The results of gel content and stress relaxation tests showed that the three antioxidants or stabilizers could inhibit the construction of the internal cross-linking structure of EVA,in which the inhibitory effect of the amine antioxidant 44PD was relatively insignificant.However,when the absorbed dose was higher,the EVA containing the free radical scavenger had a more complete cross-linking structure and a lower rate of stress relaxation.The mechanical properties test results indicate that all three free radical scavenger can inhibit the irradiation-induced aging of EVA,among which DIP is more effective.The retention rate of the elongation at break of EVA at an absorbed dose of 500 kGy is 68%,while a retention rate of 96%of the elongation at break is reached at the same absorbed dose with the addition of 1%DIP.
As 5G technology advances,the large-scale deployment of 5G base stations has led to an increase in electromagnetic radiation intensity in the environment,which may pose a potential threat to public health.This study,based on the principles of electromagnetic dosimetry,establishes a standard human body model and calculates the dielectric parameters of human tissues using the four-order-Cole-Cole model.Using the HFSS module in Ansys Electronics Desktop software,a 5G base station antenna array was designed,and the electromagnetic exposure levels to the human body at different positions were calculated.The results show that,in the main radiation direction,the maximum local SAR for the human torso is 1.53×10⁻3 W/kg,the maximum local SAR for the head is 0.020 9 W/kg,and the maximum incident power density is 0.007 13 W/m2.In the edge radiation direction,the maximum local SAR for the human torso is 2.24×10⁻⁵ W/kg,the maximum local SAR for the head is 9.49×10⁻⁴ W/kg,and the maximum incident power density is 9.49×10⁻⁴ W/m2.All results are below the public exposure limits set by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection(ICNIRP),indicating that the electromagnetic exposure levels produced by the base station antenna do not pose a threat to public health.
